A Basic Of GPS Technology

A Basic Of GPS TechnologyGPS Global Positioning Systems was a tool used by who has the need to navigate with the satellite through the microwave radio. Basically, GPS was use for route tracking in individual enjoyment and it hind end use by assorted gismos like pocket PC, forerunner and etc. But, nowadays a lot of organizations ar schoolment GPS applied science to incr sleep their stemma productivity like logistics familiarity use GPS to keep track of the road in edict to decrease the pitch shot clip, travel agency or company use GPS to navigate the travel location and so on. The GPS is a rapid growth technology, which provides enhance flexibility and trueness of planting tracking for surveying, navigation and GIS selective study capture. It burn divide by front end and back end usage in users incision site in a set of line of products GPS arranging. Front end consist navigation and back end include GIS entropy capture and surveying.GPS was a satellites found placement which is space-based navigation carcass. By talk with the satellites, GPS require 3 parts of segments that ar space segment, guard segment and user segment. The GPS satellites act as a references header from orbit to ground identify the receivers learn. By detecting the position, GPS satellites able to receive the data from counting the longitude and latitude of the receivers then send back the require data to receivers in order to permit the pointer move on map files. The map file is a file with extension (.img) which is like image file from our Windows. This map file provided in stock(predicate) in navigation devices like pocket PC and GPS navigators GIS data capture was victimisation different method to manipulate the GPS technology and different infrastructure. The famed GPS navigation device manufacturers and services provider ar Garmin and tom Tom. They be using government satellites and only allow accessing the satellites for navigation purpose.1.2 The History of GPS TechnologyThe first-year GPS satellite was available in United Stated government which is for military usage in Air Force in early 1978 called NAVSTAR (Navigation System with quantify and Ranging), now we called as GPS. At the same sequence, U.S. DoD (Department of Defense) has launched 11 satellites in orbit. In the year of 1979, U.S. DoD decided to expand the satellites system which is increase the measuring rod of the satellites in orbit from 11 to 18 and at the next year, which is year of 1980, the GPS atomic clocks onboard satellites has activated by using these 18 GPS satellites. GPS satellites are non only implemented by U.S. At the year of 1982, Russian Federation Ministry of Defense has launched a first GPS satellite for their country it is called GLONASS (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System). amount of GPS satellites excessively has increase from 18 to 24 in year of 1988 because 18 satellites were not satisfying the requirements from these countrie s. In year of 2000, GPS technology growing into consumer and industry usage, it is no longer is the patent for military purposes which mean it allow use in individual and business. 50th GPS satellites have been launched on year of 2004, purposely to aid to fancy the requirements from the civil, industry and military. Year 2005, a extra GPS satellite launched in order to support the new military M- type and the second civil signal L2C called IIR-M GPS satellite. This satellite contrive by Lockheed-Martin, this type of satellite send away help to increase the power of signal to receivers on the land, cleanse the security with enhanced encryption method and alike included anti- jamming capabilities for military.CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL OF GPS TECHNOLOGY2.1 GPS SegmentsThe GPS technology was established by 3 segments or as known as GPS system class which are space segment, control segment and user segment. They are performing different tasks and send or receive different kinds of signal to each different when GPS is performing the tasks.2.1.1 Space SegmentThe space segments major(ip) component is GPS satellites. The space segment currently has 28 satellites orbiting the earth on 6 different orbital planes. The satellites orbit altitude was selected so that the satellites only repeat the same orbit track over any point on earth on 24 hours which mean each satellites has its own track, they allow for not spend on others track. The distance between earth surface and satellites are approximately 20,200 kilometers and satellites travel at near 12,000 kilometers per hour rounding the earth. Every satellite was using solar power with a backup battery and it contains a microwave radio transmitter and receiver, and one or much atomic clocks and small thrusters using for course fudge factor and special antennas. The special antenna on the GPS satellites are intentional for allow GPS data signals to be send and receive anywhere from the earth surface with distanc e approximately 5,000 kilometers into space. This service not only brings the individual usage requirement, it is to a fault providing the military demand which satellite tracking and missile guidance capabilities.2.1.2 Control SegmentThe control segment is a satellite station which is operated by U.S. military. There are 5 satellites station in the world but 4 are unmanned satellite stations. These 4 unmanned satellites station are established at Hawaii (Pacific), Ascension (Atlantic), Diego Garcia (Indian) and Kwajalein (Pacific). They are used for receive and send data to or from satellites and trace the actual position of the satellites. Then, the study from 4 unmanned satellites station is periodically send to master station which is in Colorado Spring (U.S.), master station result combine the entropy and establishes correction factors. This information was used for update atomic clocks on satellites if necessary and also female genital organ use to adjust the thruster po sition in orbits and keep abreast them in the proper slot.2.1.3 User SegmentThe user segment is related with the all the GPS receiver users and GPS satellites signal. It is very important to track the position of the GPS users. User segment transmit GPS signal with satellites as synchronizing if each of them lost the signal connection, satellites will not able to track the GPS users position. GPS satellites flush toilet transmit the data with limitless GPS receivers at any one time and providing stable connectivity with all the users. The user segment served by many commercial industries whose like GPS device manufacturers and resellers are sell GPS hardware, application and service. Anyone selling GPS devices are not requiring license, fees and restriction to access to satellites.2.2 data dress and Hardware InterfaceIn order to let GPS receivers play properly, it requires different signals from GPS satellites. These signals are broadcasted by satellites after time and positi on are determined and calculated. To ensure the GPS receivers and satellites gouge working properly by each others, manufacturer will provide defined data format and protocol (proprietary) or using international assumeard data format (NMEA).2.2.1 Data FormatData Format had divided by 2 types which are proprietary and NMEA data format. In this section, it will state the details of both data format for GPS technology.Proprietary Data FormatPropriety data format was a data format formatted and defined by manufacturer itself. Most manufacturers define their own data sets and control command in GPS receivers. For example, data require by receivers from GPS satellites will be formatted to proprietary format to working to their own brand receivers such as height, speed, status, position and etc. all can be communicated. Different manufacturer or receivers brand has different propriety data format because each manufacturer has develop their own data format.NMEA Data FormatNMEA Data Forma t was controlled and created by U.S. based National Marine Electronics Association. It used for ensure data exchange motor places without any issues and problems by standardized the data format. NMEA was a combination of the electrical and data specification use for communicating between GPS receivers. NMEA used a unsophisticated protocol to define how a data transmitted to a message from a GPS satellite to many GPS receivers which means data move by GPS satellites will be translate to NMEA in order to let GPS receivers to recognise.2.2.2 Hardware InterfacesAntennaAntenna absolutely used for receive GPS signal from satellites. Antenna for GPS receivers are 2 types available in our market, they are Patch antenna and Helix antenna. Patch antenna is a flat and usually has a metalized and ceramic body which amounted on a metal base plate. Helix antennae has a cylindrical helical and mounted on a ground plane. Compared with patch antenna, helix antenna had advanced gain signal and s table. To ensure patch antenna has high degree selectivity by GPS receivers manufacturers, the base to patch surface ratio has been modified and adjusted to meet the smaller GPS receivers requirements.SupplySupply in GPS receivers are used for supply power to GPS receivers. Basically, receivers must be powered an external voltage source about 3.3 Volts to 6.0 Volts. quantify PulseTime pulse used for GPS receivers to generate time pulse in every second. Most of the time format will be synchronize to UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) time format by time pulse. Time format before synchronize generate to UTC format are TAI (Atomic Time), GPS Time, Satellite Time and Local Time.2.2.3 Receivers ModuleGPS receivers must measure the weak signals from at least 4 GPS satellites which in order to ensure can determine and calculate the position and time correctly in 3D (three dimension) position. Time signal was often emitted with latitude, longitude, height and synchronized with UTC. When deter mine and calculate the time and position, other variables like speed and acceleration also calculated at the same time. The signal received from satellites are about 1575.42 MHz, the signal are pre-amplified and diversify to a low intermediate frequency. After that, the low intermediate frequency signal will be converting into digital signal (2 bits). By converting the signal to 2 bits digital signal, receivers can understand the data send by GPS satellites and able to calculate the require variables and display the final output for the users.2.3 GPS DevicesA GPS device was a device that receive GPS signal to determine the location or position on the earth. Nowadays, a lot of different type GPS devices are available in the market like GPS navigator and etc. In this section, I am going to treat the consumer products in our market.2.3.1 GPS NavigatorGPS navigators are oddly designed for position tracking and they are portable. GPS navigators have a flat screen and provide touch scr een have, the screen normally are 3.0 inch to 6.0 inch. In order to let consumers has an up-to-date map image, manufacturers are using image file to represent the map. It had a lifelike map to provide a good user embrasure to ease to use to the users. When the consumers request to update their map image, reseller or retailer just copy the latest image file to the GPS navigator and deputize the old map image file.2.3.2 Pocket PCPocket PC as known as mobile, PDA or smart phone. It is not specially designed for tracking the position. Because of the competition on the market, mobile manufacturers add on a lot of features into their products in order to attract more consumers and increase the sales. GPS function is one of the add on feature. Nowadays, GPS manufacturers have provide different platform GPS software to meet the market requirement. For mobile, platform can be divided by 3 major platforms which are Windows, Android, Symbian and iOS. Same as GPS navigator, mobile GPS has a graphical map and also structured by image file. It provide ease to maintain and easy to install by mobile resellers and retailers.2.3.3 ForerunnerThe GPS Forerunner was a sport watch and made GPS navigator manufacturers such as Garmin and Tom Tom. The purpose of the production of the forerunner is targeted to triathletes and road runners. The forerunners are designed as a device that can accurate to measuring the speed, altitude, distance, pace and time, all of these are important to an athlete in training for races. By using forerunner, athletes can know their running speed, distance between starting point and end point, time to complete the training and so on. It can help them to improve their running speed by seeing physical result and using forerunner.CHAPTER 3 THE engage OF GPS TECHNOLOGY3.1 GPS ApplicationsSince the GPS technology became more and more advanced and ideal, GPS has been used in variety of the applications for unfeigned-time in-fomite tracking. These are inclu ded probe vehicle surveillance, congestion management, put across management, travel diary surveys and GPS and map matching.3.1.1 GPS Applications in Probe Vehicle SurveillanceTransportation experts have been explore use of the floating car technique to agree cars travel time information since 1920s but it is done by manually by human which is driver infix all the require information themselves. Human errors are always became the major problem for data incorrect issues. As computer technology improved, this manual method has replaced by DMI (Distance Measuring Instrument) which determine the distance and speed by pulses from a sensor to vehicles. It also generated a problem which overwhelming data file sent by sensor caused the computers transshipment center problem.GPS technology has overcome the disk entrepot and data error problems since GPS able to work with GIS (Geographical cultivation Systems), it provide automatic geo-coding of positioning and speed data. This feature can let the transportation experts see the vehicle travel information on the spot from GIS. Data require can be study by GIS sent by GPS which GPS become a front end which perform sending data to back end which GIS. Analyzed data will shop class in to a database and generated as a report, it could be largely descend the human input error and overcome overwhelming file causing the disk storage problem.3.1.2 GPS Applications in Congestion steeringThe traffic congestion will beyond the personal inconveniences felt by individual travelers. Roadway safety and environment bore are factors arise the congestion. A CMS (Congestion trouble System) is a decision support system using for choosing strategies and alternatives to have a better relieve traffic congestion. CMS using GPS-GIS approach for collecting require congestion data. GPS used for collecting data and GIS used for display information like traffic corridor. The analyze data can used by congestion management in order to calc ulate and determine traveler delay, vehicle emissions, idling time and senseless fuel.3.1.3 GPS Applications in breathe ManagementGPS technology can used for translate fleet location data into real-time reporting. When combined all the technologies used by management, it can help to provide a services solution for all sizes of fleets like fleet maintenance and cost-effective tracking. GPS can help fleet management to improve strength by real time vehicle status and location reports or routes and driving history accretion. This information can help trucking organizations assess delivery performance to improve the route plan, fleets scheduling and dispatching capabilities. Government services fleets such as fire trucks, ambulances and police cars also using GPS for route guidance of the close vehicle that has face the incident.3.1.4 GPS Applications in Travel SurveysTravel survey basically done by government objective of the travel survey was they need to understand peoples trave l behavior in order to more easy to maintain traffic order and national road construction. The purpose of using GPS technology in travel surveys is to supplement or replace form of travel survey collection by inter consider and forms filled by interviewees. GPS was advantageous in trim back respondents burden, improving data quality, collecting additional information and the survey period can be extended to everyday. Traditional way to implement survey is conducted using paper and pencil interview, sometime it can be increase respondents burden and information given are not correct. GPS can provide detailed and analyzed information about trip and travel behavior. By accessing GPS satellites, government can retrieve the information easily it can help them more easily to win their targets.3.1.5 GPS Applications and Map MatchingMap matching is more focus on algorithm and alternative to using point-to-point distance estimation. Because of different tracking system developers has deve lop different types of tracking systems, the algorithm used and alternative to estimate the distance are different such as voice based tracking system does not consist graphical interface, may using voice and sound to tracking the route or vehicle from back end station. GPS applications used in map matching was using different algorithm it has graphical interface and back end station able to track the vehicle on the spot. The algorithm of GPS applications to matching map has 3 major steps which are smoothing procedure by removing anomalies from the raw GPS data, identified the vehicle taken en-route and the actual matching of point to the GPS network. Algorithm was standardized, it help the developers more easy to implement a tracking system with better performance and trusted or reliable.3.2 Reasons to Consider GPS in craft Applications3.2.1 Automation of Many Record Keeping FunctionsBy using GPS, information related with track or vehicle can automate schedule to throw in and ret rieve without human fundamental interaction. Vehicle can be auto tracking by GPS system such as track the services location, routes used and equipment drop curtain off points. And then, it is also able to recording down employees (delivery person, driver and etc.) hours of work and vehicle automatically.3.2.2 Improved OperationsGPS providing real time tracking on vehicle if any incidents happening on vehicle drivers, managers can understand the vehicle status or location in order to make decision to exonerate the incidents immediately. Therefore, GPS enable real time decision reservation for the organizations which are using GPS systems.3.2.3 Decreased Wear and TearMeans controlling the speed of the vehicle can prevent excessive of tires and engine wear because of vehicle are tracking by back end station to eliminate the drivers furious driving. By tracking vehicles, it can also help an organization to eliminate of unauthorized use of company vehicle in order to reduce overall ve hicle mileage.3.2.4 mend Use of Company ResourcesBy using GPS system to tracking vehicles, it can help an organization to identify and eliminate of unauthorized use of company vehicle in order to reduce fuel wasted. Active management of vehicles enables fact based decisions to save the time and human power to analyzing the virtual information to making a decision.3.2.5 Efficient Route Management and Dispatching SupportGPS systems able to find a shortest route to reduce the delivery time, calculate the time arriving in the locations based on the distance and speed driving in order to let the drivers know when he will arrive and how long the distance he should travel. Management also able be aware of the driving direction by tracking the vehicles in order to prevent service delay.3.2.6 Faster Response TimeGPS provide automation of keeping record of vehicle status, driver travel behavior in order to improve driver efficiency. GPs also can place the drivers to go to their services by using GPS navigator which helping them to prevent lost on road.3.2.7 Reduced Liability and Insurance CostsBy using advanced GPS system, the chances for the accidents also can be reduced because drivers driving speed was tracking by GIS which is used in back end. Therefore, most of the insurance companies are more likely giving discount for those who using the GPS systems and insured paid also can be reduced. Tracking system always keeping record automated, it can help company to avoid the false claims by drivers with tracking data in the database.3.2.8 Employee SafetyDrivers travel behavior was tracking by GPS system and it store into database as information. By tracking, it can help keep drivers to maintain well situated speed and focused on safe driving. Company also can be reward for those safe drivers based on the information tracked to improve their faith on safe driving.CHAPTER 4 INTEGRATION OF GPS WITH barter APPLICATIONS4.1 GPS Comparative Systems in BusinessNowadays, GPS h as integrated with business applications and it has different types of systems. A differentiation between those systems on the market are how they communicate with the share, where the information should stored for analyzing swear out and how they handle driving history or vehicles information. Different type of the systems has different type information handling process. Today, comparative systems have divided by 3 types they are passive (stored data) system, agile (real-time) system and hybrid (combined) system.4.1.1 Passive (Stored Data) SystemBy using passive system, it requires an onboard recording device to store GPS signal data during vehicles travel time. Information stored on the onboard device is used for upload and retrieval to the office computers after vehicles return back to the home base. Alternatively, data stored on the onboard device also can be transfer to removable storage facultys. It can send to the office computers by email when the people are away from th e office.Strengths pass on solution for those vehicles that do not return to the home base every day.Saving costs for communication between companies computers and vehicles.Saving computers storage while office staff can select the information which files they want to retrieve and store in the computers.LimitationsMay require additional removable data storage module to retrieval the vehicles information.Not provide real time tracking process, information may not up-to-date and obsolete.Status of on travel vehicles are not well known immediately, slower response time when facing incident.4.1.2 Active (Real-Time) SystemActive system relying on GPS receiver mounted on the companies vehicles. And, it also requires a wireless data communication conduit like cellular data line built into a device. Real time of GPS signal data such as speed driving, longitude, latitude and driving direction will be transmitted over the wireless cellular data line to data collection point in a set of interv al. Data collection can point be companies office or GPS tracking system service providers website. These information can be transmit as directly to the vehicles home base or Internet site which GPS tracking system service providers, the subscribing companies can view its vehicles act on the webpage.StrengthsAllow office staff to keep track of vehicle activity real time without contact with the drivers.Facilitates to make emergent adjustments for special situations like vehicles damaged in accidents, management can assign another vehicles to complete the tasks.LimitationsMay require manpower to observe the vehicles activity updates throughout the full-length working day.Cost of the data transmit could be very high due to the cellular data line.Information stored on the service providers only available for a shorten time, causing difficult for long term analyzing.4.1.3 Hybird (Combined) SystemCombination of passive system and active system, it providing real time vehicles tracking feature and the information tracked can stored in the computers for long term analyzing or permanently. Hybird system required all the components, devices and equipments used in passive system and active system. Real time data will be transmitted to the data storage over the network immediately, information in computers database are synchronized with real time GPS data. It is not required user interaction during information retrieve and store progress.StrengthsInformation stored are completed and updated, companies management ease to access the judicious data anytime.Interruption of the communication would not affect the information lost since onboard device also perform jobs to store the vehicles travel information.No user interaction required, save the labor cost to observe the vehicles activity updates throughout the in all working day.LimitationsMore expensive compared others system which required all the components from passive system and active system.Computers storage unit easily full and wasting the storage due with the real time store procedures and save as permanently.4.2 GPS Business Information System ComponentsMost of the GPS Business Information Systems are combined from different sub-system or components. Generally, these components are perform different tasks in order to let whole the system became more perfection. These components working in different areas like back end, front end and etc.4.2.1 GPS Units / AVL (Automated Vehicle Location)GPS units were onboard vehicle devices and it using AVL technology in GPS business information systems. AVL was a vehicle tracking system. For vehicles, real-time positioning for each vehicle was tracked and measured by AVL. Basically, vehicles travel history and activity information is temporary stored in vehicles for a short time, which means time for information stored in the vehicles can be as short as a few seconds or as long as several minutes. This information will transform into a raw form or proces sed on-board in vehicles before its transmission to the control center usually called back end. AVL used in onboard vehicles which included GPS units such as GPS navigator, removable storage module and satellites signal receiver module. AVL can trace the vehicles location and position over the signal receiver module. Then, manipulate the data into a raw form either store in removable storage module or control center.4.2.2 Data Processing and Server / GIS (Geographical Information Systems)GPS system using GIS engine in innkeeper to manipulate the information collected from AVL. GIS can be display the information in graphical form in order to let the user interface became more interested and easy to understand by end users. Information collected from AVL usually stored in the server, server can stored more information and more powerful to perform the heavy tasks like DBMS (Database Management System) processing. In server, GIS are performing historical data generation which is relate d with standard RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) like using Oracle or SQL and also crystal reporting. The major to using GIS engine was end user usually require a graphical map in order to let them know the activity of the vehicles on road more clearly, provide user friendly to the end users and information analyzed are accurate. Data processing and server usually happening in control center or back end office specialized for management.4.2.3 communications / NetworkCommunications are a middleman between GPS units and data processing and server. Communications can have many types such as GSMSMS, GSMGPRS, iDEN, TETRA, Satellites, and tuner download. The purpose for using communications is transfer the information from GPS units to server. Different data processing and server system architecture require different kinds of network. Different communication protocols and network also can be used simultaneously, it depend on budget of the companies and see either how the dev elopers going to design for the system. Communication usually needs to subscribe from third parties communication companies like in Malaysia have TM, the monthly services fee should be paid by the organization and the amount can be large depending on the system modules or its infrastructure. Therefore, communication fees became routine payment after developing system.4.3 Types of Business Industry Using GPS TechnologyNowadays, GPS technology became more and more popular in business usages. It integrated with others system in order to improve business process, increase business productivity and etc. Different business industry using different GPS technology, harvest from using GPS also will be different. In this section, I am going to discuss GPS technology used by different business industry they are agriculture, afforestry and tourism.4.3.1 AgricultureIn agriculture industry, they are used GPS in site-specific farming or precision agriculture and it is combining GPS and GIS techno logy. The technologies used can help farmers to enabling coupling of real time data capturing with analyze of large amounts of geography information, accuracy of positioning data capture and leading to the efficiency manipulation. The GPS applications in precision farming are farm planning, tractor guidance, filed mapping, crop scouting, soil sampling and yield mapping. The major reason for precision farming was collecting timely geography data on prescribes or requirements of plants, soil and animals to increase their production in farming and comfort their environment. The approaches stated above are relying in integration of computer based system, GPS positioning and time and data collection sensor.Through using GPS in farming, information for improve the soil and water can be improved for plants growth. Farmers can obtain extra benefits from soil amendments and fertilizers such as quality and quantity increased for the harvest by soil improvement. Moreover, crop advisors also u sed GPS with rugged data collection tools for accurate position to insect, pest and weed injury in the farming field. The areas which affected by pest will mapped and pinpointed for future decisions make by management. It used to solve the pest problems by using minimal chemicals to hold dear the crops and land soil. Minimal chemicals used not only helping them to protect their crops and land soil, it is also helping them to saving the cost used to purchase chemicals, reduce environmental pollution and public nuisances.4.3.2 ForestryGPS technology used in forestry industry area was called as precision forestry. The GPS forestry system was aimed to the accuracy of GPS data collected from forest vehicles machine like forest trucks in different level of forest to increase the organizations forest vehicle machine performance and reduce to costs wasted in vehicle machines. GPS is being used for managing forest and timberland resources. If using a mobile forest harvesting machine, data c ollected from GPS able to improve design of the forest engineering and decisions of the management based on forest vehicle machine performance information as function of timber stand and terrain variables. The technologies are combining GPS and GIS to ensure the data collected can be more efficiency for organization operations use.The GPS applications in forestry industry are attitude of sample plots in forest stands, navigating for aerial surveys and updating forest maps. To locating of sample plots in forest, GPS receiver is using fo