Events Leading Up To World War 2 Essay

being contend II killed more people, destroyed more property, disrupted more lives, and probably had more far-reaching consequences than any former(a) struggle in history. The war, which ended in 1945, eventually involved 61 countries, claimed 50 million lives, and completely changed the geopolitical landscape. The get under ones skins of being warfare II can be easily traced back to many of the unsolved issues from the end of institution state of war I and the reporties that ended it also created vernal political and scotch problems. Forceful leaders in several countries took advantage of these problems to seize might. The desire of dictators in Germany and Italy, and lacquer to conquer additional territory brought them into infringe with the democratic nations. after(prenominal) public war I ended, representatives of the victorious nations met in Paris in 1919 to draw up peace treaties for the defeated countries. When the Germans heard virtually the Treaty of Versa illes anger raged throughout the country. They had not been allowed to take part in the talks yet, they were being forced to sanctify the treaty. The Germans felt they were not to be fiendish for the war. Even the soldier sent to sign the Treaty refused to sign it To say such a thing would be a lie, and only after the treat of being invaded did they sign. The Treaties were worked out in haste by these countries with opposing goals and failed to satisfy even the victors. Of all the countries on the winning side, Italy and Japan left the peace host most dissatisfied. Italy gained less territory than it felt it deserved and vowed to take action on its own. Japan gained control of German territories in the Pacific and thereby launched a program of expansion. But Japan was angered by the peacemakers failure to endorse the principle of the equality of all races.The countries that lost World War IGermany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and jokerwere especially dissatisfied with the Peace o f Paris. They were stripped of territory, arms and were required to make reparations (payments for war damages).The Treaty of Versailles, which was signed with Germany, punished Germany severely. The German g everyplacenment agreed to sign the treaty only after the victorious powers threatened to invade. Many Germans special(prenominal)ly resentedthe clause that forced Germany to accept responsibility for causing World War I.World War I seriously damaged the economies of the European countries. Both the winners and the losers came out of the war deeply in debt. The defeated powers had difficulty paying reparations to the victors, and the victors had difficulty repaying their loans to the joined States. The shift from a wartime economy to a peacetime economy caused further problems.Italy and Japan suffered from too many people and too few resources after World War I. They eventually tried to solve their problems by territorial expansion. In Germany, runaway inflation destroyed the v alue of money and wiped out the savings of millions of people. In 1923, the German economy neared collapse. Loans from the United States helped Germanys government have-to doe with assign. By the late 1920s, Europe appeared to be entering a period of economic stability.A oecumenical business slump known as The not bad(p) Depression began in the United States in 1929. By the ahead of time 1930s, it had halted Europes economic recovery. The Great Depression caused mass unemployment, wide spread poverty and despair. It gutlessened democratic governments and strengthened extreme political movements that promised to end the economic problems. Two movements in particular gained strength. The forces of Communism, known as the Left, called for revolution by the workers. The forces of fascism, called the Right, favored strong national government. Throughout Europe, the forces of the Left clashed with the forces of the Right. The political extremes gained the most stay in countries wit h the greatest economic problems and the deepest resentment of the Peace of Paris.Nationalism was an extreme form of patriotism that swept across Europe during the 1800s. Supporters of patriotism placed loyalty to the aims of their nation, above any other public loyalty. Many nationalists viewed foreigners and members of minority groups as inferior. Such beliefs helped nations justify their conquest of other lands and the poor treatment of minorities within their borders. Nationalism was a chief cause of World War I, and itgrew even stronger after that war.Nationalism went hand in hand with feelings of national discontent. Many Germans felt humiliated by their countrys defeat in World War I and its harsh treatment under the Treaty of Versailles. During the 1930s, they enthusiastically supported a violently nationalistic system of rules called The Nazi Party. The Nazi Party say that Germany had a right to become strong again. Nationalism also gained strength in Italy and Japan.The Peace of Paris ceremonious an international organization called The League of Nations to maintain peace. Each country backed its own interests at the expense of other countries this prevented The League from wor ability effectively.. Only weak countries agreed to submit their disagreements to The League of Nations for settlement. Strong nations reserved the right to settle their disputes by threats or, force.The political unrest and poor economic conditions that developed after World War I enabled dictatorships to arise in several countries. Especially in those countries that lacked a tradition of democratic government. During the 1920s and 1930s, dictatorships came in to power in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, and Japan. They held total power and ruled without regard to law. The dictatorships used terror and secret police to crush opposition to their rule. People who objected risked imprisonment or execution.In the Soviet Union, the Communists, led by Lenin, had seized power in 1917. Lenin had set up a dictatorship that firmly controlled the country by the time he died in 1924. After Lenins death, Joseph Stalin and other leading Communists struggled for power. Stalin eliminated his rivals one by one and became the Soviet dictator in 1929.In Italy, economic distress after World War I led to strikes and riots. As a result of the violence, a strongly nationalistic group called The Fascist Party gained many supporters. Benito Mussolini, leader of the Fascists, promised to bring order and prosperity to Italy. He vowed to restore to Italy the glory it had known in the days of the ancient Roman Empire. By1922, the Fascists had become powerful enough to force the king of Italy to appoint Mussolini premier. Mussolini, who took the title il Duce (the Leader), concisely began to establish a dictatorship.In Germany, The Nazi Party made spectacular gains as The Great Depression deepened during the early 1930s. Many Germans blamed all their countrys economic woes on t he hated Treaty of Versailles, which forced Germany to give up territory, resources and pay large reparations. In 1933, Adolf Hitler, the leader of the Nazis, was appointed chancellor of Germany. Hitler, who was called der Fuhrer (the Leader), soon made Germany a dictatorship. He vowed to ignore the Versailles Treaty and to avenge Germanys defeat in World War I. Hitler preached that Germans were a superior race and that such peoples as Jews and Slavs were inferior. He began a campaign of hatred against Jews and Communists. He promised to rid the country of them. Hitlers extreme nationalism appealed to many Germans.In Japan, military officers began to hold political office during the 1930s. By 1936, they had strong control of the government. Japans military government glorified war and the training of warriors. In 1941, General Hideki Tojo became premier of Japan.During the 1930s, Japan, Italy, and Germany followed a policy of aggressive. They invaded weak lands that could be taken o ver easily. The dictatorships knew what they wanted, and they grabbed it. The democratic countries responded with timidity and indecision to the aggression of the dictatorships.Japan was the first dictatorship to begin a program of conquest. In 1931, Japanese forces seized control of Manchuria, a region of China rich in natural resources. about historians consider Japans conquest of Manchuria as the real start of World War II. Japan made Manchuria a puppet state called Manchukuo. In 1937, Japan launched a major attack against China. It occupied most of eastern China by the end of 1938, though the two countries had not officially declared war. Japans military leaders began to speak about bringing all of eastern Asia under Japanese control.Italy looked to Africa to fulfill its ambitions for an empire. In 1935, Italian force invaded Ethiopia, one of the few independent countries in Africa. The Italians used machine guns, tanks, and airplanes to overpower Ethiopias poorly equipped mi litary. They had conquered the country by May 1936.After Hitler took power, he began to build up Germanys armed forces in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1936, Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland, a region of Germany along the banks of the Rhine River. Under the treaty, the Rhineland was to prevail free of troops. In March 1938, German soldiers marched into Austria and united it with Germany. Many people in Germany and Austria welcomed that move.The acts of aggression were easy victories for the dictatorships. The League of Nations proved incapable of stopping them. It lacked an army and the power to enforce international law. The United States had refused to join the League or become involved in European disputes. Great Britain and France were unwilling to risk other war so soon after World War I. The two powers knew they would bear the burden of any fighting.The aggressors soon formed an alliance. In 1936, Germany and Italy agreed to support one anothers foreign poli cy. The alliance was known as the Rome-Berlin Axis. Japan joined the alliance in 1940, and it became the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis.The Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939. In 1936, many of Spains army officers revolted against the government. The army rebels chose General Francisco Franco as their leader. Francos forces were known as Nationalists or Rebels. The forces that supported Spains elected government were called Loyalists or Republicans. The Spanish Civil War drew worldwide attention. Yet during the war, the dictatorships again displayed their might while the democracies remained helpless.Hitler and Mussolini sent troops, weapons, aircraft, and advisers to aid the Nationalists. The Soviet Union was the only power to help the Loyalists.France, Britain, and the United States decided not to become involved. However, Loyalist sympathizers from many countries joined the International Brigades that the Communists formed to fight in Spain.The Spanish Civil War served as a military tes ting grounds for World War II. Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union used it to test their weapons and tactics. The war in Spain was also a rehearsal for World War II, in that it split the world into forces that either supported or opposed Nazism and Fascism.Hitler prepared to strike again soon after Germany absorbed Austria in March 1938. German territory then bordered Czechoslovakia on three sides. Czechoslovakia had become an independent nation after World War I. Its population consisted of many nationalities, including more than 3 million people of German descent. Hitler sought control of the Sudetenland, a region of western Czechoslovakia where most of the Germans lived. Urged on by Hitler, the Sudeten Germans began to clamor for union with Germany.Czechoslovakia was determined to defend its territory. France and the Soviet Union had pledged their support. As tension mounted, Britains Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain tried to restore calm. Chamberlain wished to preserve peace at all cost. He believed that war could be prevented by meeting Hitlers demands. That policy became known as appeasement.Chamberlain had several meetings with Hitler during family 1938 as Europe teetered on the edge of war. Hitler raised his demands at each meeting. On September 29, Chamberlain and French Premier Edouard Daladier met with Hitler and Mussolini in Munich, Germany. Chamberlain and Daladier agreed to turn over the Sudetenland to Germany, and they forced Czechoslovakia to accept the agreement. Hitler promised that he had no more territorial demands.The Munich obligation marked the height of the policy of appeasement. Chamberlain and Daladier hoped that the agreement would satisfy Hitler and prevent waror that it would at least prolong the peace until Britain andFrance were ready for war. The two leaders were mistaken on both counts.The failure of appeasement soon became clear. Hitler broke the Munich Agreement in March 1939 and seized the rest of Czechoslovakia. He ther eby added Czechoslovakias armed forces and industries to Germanys military might. In the months before World War II began, Germanys preparations for war moved ahead faster than did the military build-up of Britain and France.