Critical Essay on “Annals of Labor Nobodies”

John Bowe’s â€Å"Annals of Labor Nobodies† is a very ugly article describing the virtual slavery of agricultural workers. Reminiscent of public attitude toward and awareness of domestic abuse and pedophilia in most of the Twentieth Century, modern slavery is buried deep in a cesspool of ignorance, apathy and denial. Those at the â€Å"top of the heap† are protected by â€Å"buffer layers† and deniability. Fear and brutality are tools employed to maintain the silence. Resources and alternatives for victims are scarce or nonexistent. These are among the themes presented by Boles in his review of dirty secret of one of America’s largest industries, fresh produce production; while he presents a little hope, the situation will continue to exist. South Florida is one of the nation’s greatest citrus and tomato production areas and â€Å"ground zero for modern slavery† (Bowe, 3). Bowe describes the plight of the undocumented Mexican and Central American workers from the time of departure from their homes to their arrival in South Florida. It is a story of an â€Å"opportunity† to terrific homeland poverty which can be worse than what they left. Workers are conned and exploited throughout their journey, paying exorbitant sums to every one in the vicious chain. They are so impoverished and terrified that slave labor is their only option. As a Border Patrol agent remarked â€Å"They’re controllable. There’s no escape† (s). There has been a great deal of consolidation of the produce farms as well as their huge customers. There are many familiar names in the food chain: ConAgra, Cargill, Tropicana, Minute Maid, Coke, Pepsi and Taco Bell. All claim a â€Å"hands off† to the issue of slave labor picking their tomatoes and oranges. The industry has long enjoyed special status exempting it from many labor laws, including overtime pay, workers’ compensation and the right to organize. Unfortunately although the price of the produce may increase, the price of labor decreases due to the large pool of workers coming from Mexico and Central America. In 2000 the Trafficking Victims Act was made into law; unfortunately the usual congressional deal-making resulted in exempting everyone except the labor contractors from fines and imprisonment. The cases are difficult to make. Victims and witnesses are too terrified to testify. Even if they were willing and able to testify their migratory work patterns make them difficult to find. As usual the blanket of â€Å"limited resources† in law enforcement as well as state and federal prosecution offices is used but not believed. Paraphrasing one anonymous laborer, they and their plight is virtually invisible to the outside world. Slow change is coming about and with it a shred of hope for those enslaved. Legal and social service agencies are starting to reach this dark world, and loose coalitions of workers are growing. According to one former tomato picker â€Å"change won’t come from Washington or from the lawyers. It will come from people in the field. If you change people’s consciousness, the people themselves will take care of it† (6).   He is right, of course, and the hope is if change won’t come from Washington and the lawyers, at least they will be an ally and not an impediment. After the sentencing of convicted human traffickers the federal trial judge mentioned to the U.S. Attorneys prosecuting the case that they should not exhaust the â€Å"limited resources† prosecuting low-level thugs and enforcers. The judge, likely mindful of the powerful federal conspiracy laws, stated â€Å"others at a higher level of the fruit picking industry seem complicit in one way or another with how these activities occur† (11). References Bowe, John. â€Å"Annals of Labor Nobodies†. April 21, 2003.      

Defining Security

Defining Security â€Å"Security† comes from a broader subject referred to International Relations which is the study of all political cooperation that occurs between states that have their own government, international organizations with or without government influence, and some wealthy separate individuals. â€Å"Security Studies concerns itself with a sub-set of those political interactions marked by their particular importance in terms of maintaining the security of actor† (Hough 2008: 2).Depending on the emergency of security of an actor will depend how a government or country will act on the security measure. For example, concerns relating to health and rights of the people will be at top on the global political agenda compare to other events such as natural disasters or mass killings are rarely seen as security concerns. It might be of importance to the people that these events are happening to, but not to the people not being affected. There are four main paradi gms of International Relations that affect issues in security.Those paradigms are Realism, Pluralism, Marxism, and Social Constructivism. Realism is the idea that states should be self-centered, competitive, and should look after themselves and not trust any other states. The state should do anything within its reach to expand its power in wherever possible being in military or economic sectors in order to secure themselves and be at the top. Realists tend to favor governments that separate the high and low politics and best serve the national interest.Low politics such as health issues, welfare, and other issues of that sort should be dealt at a domestic level and is separate from high politics, such as war. The idea globalization in the 60’s and 70’s took International Relations to a different perspective because not only did they have to deal with military power issues but now they had economic power issues to worry about. That’s where Neo-Realism developed. Neo-realism still maintained the self-centered approach on the states but also included the idea to expand their powers beyond the sector of military and focus on to the state’s economy.In addition to Realism, another paradigm that affected issues in security was Pluralism. Pluralism was developed from a group of scholars that believed that Neo-realism had developed far enough from Realism. Pluralists believed that the pursuit of military power and economic power by a state, which was the idea derived from the thinking of Realism was too simple. â€Å"Pluralists, as the term implies, consider that a plurality of actors, rather than just states, exert influence on the world stage† (Hough 2008: 4).Pluralism, which was built from the idea of liberalism, stated that the interests of individuals would be better served in an environment where their own governments would stop controlling their lives. Unlike realism, pluralists thought of â€Å"low politic† concerns as priorities for International Relations. The paradigm of Marxism focused more on economic concerns rather than military or any other power. Marxism viewed globalization to an idea of the past; there was nothing new in the idea of globalization.Globalization was just a different way to demonstrate that the states with large economies would exploit the smaller ones. sort of like the bigger kid bullying the smaller kid. In a Marxist perspective, wars were fought for economic purposes which indicated that military power was used for economic gain instead for security. Social constructivism came into play in the 1990’s after there were many unsatisfied in the other paradigms. Social constructivism â€Å"favors a more sociological approach and advocates a greater appreciation of the cultural dimension of policy making† (Hough 2008: 6).It argued that â€Å"world stage actors† did not follow any type of rational script rather, â€Å"foreign policy reflects parochial ide ological or moral guidelines rather than objective gains† (Hough 2008:6). In the wide and narrow conceptions of security, the varied range of threats to humans have changed the whole perspective of international security, which previously had been based just on military based issues. Ullman described that a threat to security was solely based on two factors: the first, any threat that lowered the quality of a states’ people and second, any threat that narrowed the policy choices of any actor of the state.After the Cold War, some traditionalist suggested for security studies to go ‘back to basics’ instead of widening their security measures to â€Å"low politics† issues, they should stick to â€Å"high politics† issues such military threat. â€Å"The widening of security did not undermine the realist logic of conventional security studies. The focus was still on the state system and seeing relationships between states governed by power. Wideni ng was simply extending the range of factors that affect state power beyond the confines of military and trade affairs† (Hough 2008: 8).As for the realist, the ideology stayed the same. The main focus was still in the state’s issues and its people, but as for the widening it, it was just the extension of some issues that affected state’s power, beyond military issues. The deepening of security was driven by pluralists and social constructivists which believed that the concept of â€Å"human security† should be based on the individual’s need that makes up the different groups that exist and not the ‘actors’ issues.With that being said, the Copenhagen School philosophy cannot be resolved by the thought of the pluralists and the social constructivists which shifts the idea of security from the states to the people. â€Å"While accepting the idea that non-military issues can be securitized and that the referent object of this can be someth ing other than a state, maintains the logic that only the state can be the securitizing actor† (Hough 2008: 9).The state would be the only one to determine if the issue that is being securitized is an existential threat and if needs to be acted upon. The securitization of issues must be determined by the state’s government and be prioritized by if it’s a ‘low or high politics’ issue. As mentioned in the book, South Africa was one of the first countries that shifted away from military priority to a health priority. â€Å"The proportion of South Africa’s (GDP) Gross Domestic Product spent on military defense is 1. 5 per cent and the overall proportion on health is 3. percent† (UNDP 2002). Today, military threats in some countries are still their priority but global leaders are still able to balance their military and health expense. In conclusion, â€Å"Security† comes from a broader subject referred to International Relations. The paradigms that affect issues in security are realism, pluralism, Marxism, and social constructivism, having realist being the one which has dominated the study of security focuses on military security and to serve the state’s best interest.Although the Marxist idea was to focus more on economic issues instead of military or any other issues, the pluralist and the social constructivist perspective changed the spectrum of international security from what was once solely based on military issues had broaden to other ‘low politics’ issues such as concerns relating to health and rights of the people, so basically shifting the idea of security from the states to the people.In the end, the securitization of issues must be determined by the state’s government and must be prioritized by if it’s a ‘low or high politics’ issue. Workcited Hough, Peter. 2008. Understanding Global Security (2nd Edition). New York: Routledge. â€Å"United Nations De velopment Programme† http://www. undp. org/

Design and Critically Analyse International Marketing Essay

High marks will be awarded for work that demonstrates excellent understanding surrounding the key issues and a well structured systematic discussion. You are expected to have read widely around the subject area and have been able to integrate this reading to support your critical analysis. Please include evidence to support your discussion (e.g. academic papers, trade press, newspaper references, etc.). Additional Information: Articles in academic journals, or those suggested in the Readings, will cover the generic theories covered in the lectures, but will not provide you with detailed information on your chosen company/ brand. You are likely to find information on the specific companies/ brands on company websites, in the trade press, newspaper articles, etc. Before making a final choice about a company/ brand, be sure that you are able to collect enough information! Think in terms of the following: (1) how can you collect enough information and (b) how can you demonstrate that this information is reliable. Abstract†¦ The aim of this report is to find the ultimate market for Ferrari S.P.A. This task will initially start off with really basic screening processes to eliminate the obvious countries where there will be very little demand if any demand for this particular product. However when exploring deeper into this project, many complexities arise which encourages engaging in a more specific and detailed screening processors later on. In which this paper concludes that†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.1 Introduction†¦ Within this report its intentions are to find the most lucrative economy for Ferrari which they have yet to invest in. This will allow Ferrari to take advantage of that specific country by opening up a dealerships allowing them to be able to directly supply the market without the need to export and import the cars which can be expensive from both the business and the consumer via high transportation costs and tariffs/quotas. By doing this it will mean that Ferrari will increase their sale in that country as they will be more in the publics eye. Saudi Arabia car figures very good article: http://academic.reportlinker.com/d013032223/The-Saudi-Arabian-Passenger-Car-Sector-Key-Market-Figures.html Very good website showing Ferrari dealerships http://www.ferrari.com/English/Dealers/Pages/Dealer_Locator.aspx

An Empirical Investigation of the Corporate Culture-Financial Article

An Empirical Investigation of the Corporate Culture-Financial Performance Relationship in Multinational Corporations - Article Example Webster's Dictionary defines corporate culture as "the shared values, traditions, customers, philosophy, and policies of a corporation; also, the professional atmosphere that grows from this and affects behavior and performance." In essence, "corporate culture is the personality of your organization. It's the way your company does business and how it conducts itself. It's employees' beliefs and expectations of work." (Ceridian, 2005). Corporate culture and the cultural statements that it engenders then become the modus operandi for corporate members when the executives' voice and document the values of the corporation to provide models for how corporate members should behave (1000ventures). There are various numbers of definitions available regarding corporate culture. Various academic scholars and authors have defined it in different ways. Despite having differences in definitions many would agree on one thing that corporate culture can be referred to as a set of values, beliefs, and behavior patterns that form the core identity of the organization, and help shape the employees' behavior ( Rashid et al, 2003). According to Tichy et al ( 1982), corporate culture is a directive glue where the appropriate questions to ask concern the values and beliefs that are needed to support the corporate strategy, the subcultures that might also contribute to this goal and whether or not there should be an umbrella corporate culture as well. As an extension of the foregoing, another question is also on the role of the human resources department in shaping and molding the corporate culture. Corporate culture can also be interpreted as collective mental programming that binds the organization together through shared values, which ensure that employees are committed to their nominated responsibilities which can lead to achieving organizational goals together ( Hofstede, 1980). Much of what has been written on the definition of corporate culture proceeds by comparison of one type with another. Culture is by definition a varied and variable subject. There is no overall cultural norm in the world, nor any cultural "mean" or average that can be usefully applied. By comparison with the financial sections of corporate annual reports that allow average revenue, profitability, investment and so on to be calculated precisely (which is not necessarily the same as meaningfully), corporate culture requires a different tack (Hofstede, 1980). Having said that culture is defined by comparison, rather than any intrinsic and absolute qualities, corporate culture does display a difference in how it acquires shape and form. Within the corporate environment, culture is strongly influenced by the corporate leaders who are natural role models for other employees. The qualities of a leader in his opinion are forged by experience, trial and error, and practical application. The more a leader has been exposed to these aspects, the stronger the leadership becomes and the more influence the leader exerts on the corporate culture of the company concerned (Mintzberg, 1989).

Unit 5 Individual project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 5 Individual project 2 - Essay Example Quality can be defined in relation to both technical excellence and humane approach. â€Å"By technical quality care we mean that the patient receives only the procedure tests, or services for which the desired health outcomes exceed the health risks by a sufficiently wide margin; and that each of these procedures or services is performed in a technically excellent manner. The second component of quality care is that all patients wish to be treated in a humane and culturally appropriate manner and be invited to participate fully in deciding about their therapy.† (Robert H.Brook et al). In short quality in health care is fundamentally based on the two above-mentioned factors. â€Å"Getting quality health care can help you stay healthy and recover faster when you become sick. However, we know that often people do not get high quality care. A 2004 study of 12 large US communities found that just over half (54.9%) of people were receiving the care they needed.† (AHRQ Homepage: ). Everywhere, people looking for health care confront the problem that there is no uniform standard to measure quality. Thus it has become imperative to measure quality of care offered by healthcare service providers. Therefore, with a view to help patients choose the right treatment most suited to their personal needs, more and more public and private groups are developing and using quality measures based on the principles of right health plan, the right doctor, the right treatment, the right hospital, the best long term facility. Thus it can be seen that quality measures make available the necessary information which patients can assimilate to help them take a right decision about their treatment. In order to ascertain quality there are certain available parameters such as process measure, outcome measures and structural measures. In order to determine which one of these is the best, a deeper and wider study is called for. Each satisfies certain requirements

PERSONAL PSYCHONALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

PERSONAL PSYCHONALYSIS - Essay Example She did not receive much of an education, finally receiving her GED while I was in the 8th grade, and ultimately still struggles with the idea of being a grandmother. I am currently continuing my education at age forty without much encouragement from her; she feels as though I should bet a â€Å"real† job like my sister. However, I will begin my life story from the beginning. My mother was a single mother who had four children of whom I am the oldest. We are each from different Biological fathers but were all adopted by the man who we have always known as our father, when I was nine years old. This man was truly a source of love and inspiration for me, though he is now deceased. I have often been told that I look a great deal like him and that at times I resemble him in actions and mannerisms. He was quite musically inclined and was also a retiree of the US AIR force. I feel that he has left a permanent impression on me and will always be missed. In high school, I was a cheerleader with an outgoing and jovial demeanor. I suffered however from bulimia nervosa, and was hospitalized because of it. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder which is characterized by bingeing and purging behaviors, with the most purging behaviors generally consisting of induced vomiting, fasting, laxatives, enemas, diuretics, and over exercising. This disease dominated my life from the ages of fourteen till sixteen. I did not date until after I left home. While my friends were out having fun, I worked in the fields at home. I did not attend my own prom. Throughout my childhood and teens, the answer to almost every question asked of my mother was â€Å"because I said so†. This left me feeling frequently frustrated and even ignored. During my teen years, my grandmother became rather ill, requiring my grandparents to move in with us. My grandmother and I shared a bed until one night when she passed away in her sleep. I feel that my mother

Discuss the analytical foundations of the Phillips curve Essay

Discuss the analytical foundations of the Phillips curve - Essay Example most of the policy makers believed that unemployment and inflation could not occur at the same time and whichever occurred, it became a major determinant of the policies that would be adopted by a given economy. Another issue that the economists believed was that it was possible to achieve one objective without having negative implications on the other. However, the research that Philips undertook in 1958 provided information that generated quite a number of questions to those assumptions. On his part, Philips used the available UK data to make an analysis on the rates of inflation and unemployment in UK. After plotting the result of the research, Philips noted that there existed an inverse relationship between wage inflation and unemployment. As a way of checking the relevance of the Philips conclusion, other economists used price inflation instead of wage inflation and noted that the results were similar curves and this became the origin of the Philip curve. This paper seeks to dis cuss the analytical foundations of the Phillips curve as well as how unemployment rate of 5% may be inflationary in one country, while it is deflationary in another country. According to the curve, any change in the level of unemployment produced a predictable as well as direct impact on the level of price inflation. Philips, together with other policy makers adopted the relationship between the two variables and noted that an increase in aggregate demand as well as fiscal stimulus in the economy triggers various responses. First, they noted that an increase in demand as the spending by the government rises results into national growth. This is followed by falling on the pool of unemployed. On their part, firms will be involved in competing for fewer workers available in the economy by increasing their nominal wages making the workers to have a higher bargaining power as they seek to have their nominal wages raised further (Forder, 2014). As the economy gets near to full capacity,

An unmanageable Case-Management Quandary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An unmanageable Case-Management Quandary - Essay Example There is a need to change the way judges are managing their cases because it is clear that they are uncertain about how to reduce backlog. According to a report by Great Britain (2011), even before opening of the court door, there are more cases going into court thanks to settlement or negotiation of cases out of court by litigants themselves. Litigants in person are individuals without legal representation by solicitors or barristers but have a right of audience. Litigants in person bringing their cases to court are less prepared because they do not have knowledge of the documents required by the judges. The judges end up starting of case hearing without all the relevant documents. In addition, litigants in person do not have an idea of the evidence required for presentation in court and the witness reports are poorly prepared. This makes the judge to steer off the case and assist the litigant in person, increasing the time taken to dispose a case. The longer the time taken to dispose a case the longer the queue thus creation of a backlog. The courts should avoid such cases without help from people with legal knowledg e. The court should appoint Pro bono lawyers to represent people who cannot afford to hire lawyers or hire more staff to assist them. This will increase the number of cases disposed monthly. Efficient justice administration is dependent on many factors (Abioye, 2014). Abioye (2014) considers the registry, modern technology and availability of material and resources, quality of judges and dedicated lawyers as the factors required to reduce backlogs in court. The court’s staff should be competent when it comes to record keeping. The court should increase number of staff in order to improve record keeping and hasten the speed of file recovery for case hearing, to avoid delay. Introduction of modern methods of file storage and recovery

Economics is, essentially the science of decision making. Do you agree Essay

Economics is, essentially the science of decision making. Do you agree or disagree Please explain and support your position - Essay Example The following discussion strengthens the hypothesis that economics is essentially the science of decision-making. Economics helps people to understand the production process, how goods and services can be exchanged, and the different consumption patterns in an economic system. In this case, economics plays a crucial role of helping individuals, and organizations to identify the goods and services that they can produce in the most profitable manner. It also enlightens them on the best markets to exchange their commodities, thus maximizing their returns. In relation to consumption, economics provides consumers with the ability to differentiate the consumption patterns that can make them live a stable life as opposed to consumption patterns that may impose strains on their lives. Therefore, economics plays a major role in the decision making process as it dictates what to do at given periods through provision of analytical data. The government also utilizes economic concepts when dealing with issues related to public finance and the concepts allow the government to set certain prices in the nation, and determine the spending of the government. Economics also contribute significantly to setting prices as it deals with the forces of demand and supply. Therefore, economics aids in the decision making process as it allows different entities to fix prices based on several considerations, that involves statistical relationships. Given that we live in a world of scarce resources, people strive to find ways that can help them utilize such resources in an efficient manner. Economics, which aims at studying human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means that have alternative uses teaches individuals to cope. It helps individuals to make good use of scarce resources, thus increasing their wealth, and welfare. This emanates from the fact that economics increases the ability of individuals to make wise

How Modern Business Can Remain Competitive Essay

How Modern Business Can Remain Competitive - Essay Example The concept of adopting Best Practices has ensured that many organizations, in varying degree have incorporated means of addressing above areas successfully, copying from the pioneers and thus nullifying the competitive advantages, which was developed by these early developers. In today’s globalize scenario, the competitive advantage lies in the manner an organization manages itself and specifically derive a competitive advantage through its human capital. Therefore, it is of crucial importance that companies develop their remuneration strategies to reward performance that will drive the organizational success. Evidence that the business environment is increasingly competitive is everywhere. Greater Free Trade has facilitated the movement of not only the traded goods but the factors of production as well. Organizations seeking competitive advantages are increasingly seeking out global locations, which offer a comparative advantage in terms of their factor endowment (Hill 2004). More and more companies from the developed world are moving its labor-intensive production facilities to low labor cost countries in the developing world. This is also facilitating an unprecedented level of technology transfer and facilitating the competitiveness of these developing nations’ products in terms of quality, efficiency, and productivity. Today developing countries like China, India, and Mexico pose cost competitions on an unprecedented scale for the world players, especially those who are operating in high wage cost in developed nations.   Thus it is of paramount importance that organizations in developed nations adopt their own strategies in managing their organizations, specifically the human capital to seek out areas of competitive advantage. This involves increasing productivity, efficiency and reducing costs through numerous aspects of Human Resource management involving better selection and recruitment, development and training, fostering of learning environments, fostering innovation, performance management and implementing effective rewarding strategies to drive performance.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Corticosteroids use Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Corticosteroids use - Coursework Example These effects may affect the overall mental state of an individual. The registered nurse should have a comprehensive understanding of the side effects and bodily changes that arise from the long-term use of corticosteroids as well as their interactions with other drugs. Such knowledge enables the nurse to develop a customized patient care plan. For example, the nurse can change the dosage to the lowest dose that achieves the desired therapeutic target. The nurse can also provide the drug in the form of inhalants, intra-articular injection or topical to minimize the systemic upshots (Burke, 2015). When preparing to interact with the patient, the nurse should have empathy and find a comforting way of relaying the truth to the patient. The nurse should make the patient understand that she needs corticosteroids for the rest of her life due to her chronic condition and that stopping the usage of the drugs will have adverse effects on her health. The nurse should be prepared to educate the patient regarding the inevitable side effects of corticosteroids and how to deal with them. However, the nurse should be prepared to guide the patient in the usage of the drugs to minimize the side effects. Burke, S. (2015). Long-term corticosteroid use: An overview of side effects and nursing interventions. Retrieved from

Proposal Cover Letter Essay Example for Free

Proposal Cover Letter Essay Enclosed please find the protocol and consent form for the study, â€Å"Name of Study.† I have also enclosed a copy of the State University Institutional Review Board’s approval, dated January 12, 2002, and the Tribal Council’s approval, dated December 15, 2001. We propose to conduct a population-based study of all tribal members age 60 and greater on the Tribe Reservation. Individuals participating in the project will receive both a comprehensive medical evaluation at the Tribal Health and Wellness Center and a safety and functional evaluation in their home performed by a tribal member. While providing researchers at State University data regarding the prevalence of dementia and other chronic disabilities, the study also offers valuable information to both individual tribal members and the Tribal community. We have met with both staff and tribal members on the reservation on several occasions to discuss this project. We have received official approval of the project from both the Tribal Council and the Health and Welfare Committee. We have scheduled a trip to the reservation on June 3, 2002, to begin this project. We would appreciate your informed review and approval of the enclosed material. If you have any questions or concerns, please contact me at (503) 555-5555, extension 555. I will serve as the contact person for this project. We look forward to your comments and approval. Sincerely, Jane Doe, MD, Principal Investigator John Doe, RN, MN, Co-Principal Investigator ***Sample IHS Service Unit Letter of Support*** December 15, 2001 Jane Doe, MD State University PO Box 12 Anycity, Northwest State, 99999 Dear Dr. Doe: This letter is to inform you that the Service Unit has reviewed and supports your research study titled, â€Å"Name of Study.† It is our understanding the project will begin on June 3, 2002. We are very interested in your efforts that may help improve our understanding of health in our elderly population. If you have any questions or need further assistance, please contact me at (503) 555-5555. Sincerely, Jane or John Doe, Service Unit Director Name of Service Unit Anycity, Northwest State ***Sample Tribal Resolution*** WHEREAS, the Tribe is a federally recognized National pursuant to the Treaty of 1855 (12 Stat. 951); and WHEREAS, the Tribal Council is the governing body of the Tribe, by authority delegated by Resolution ABCD-1234; and WHEREAS, the Health, Employment, and Welfare Committee of the Tribal Council has been delegated the responsibility for providing the leadership, guidance, and oversight to all of the health, employment, and welfare programs and services; and WHEREAS, nationwide statistical data has indicated that an increase in the number of elderly Native Americans has been observed in recent decades; and WHEREAS, a National Indian Council on Aging study has shown that the life expectancy for Native Americans has increased by 19% since 1955; and WHEREAS, the prevalence, causes, and risk factors for chronic disabilities including dementia in Native Americans are as yet completely unknown; and WHEREAS, a study has been designed to determine the general health status and prevalence of major disabling conditions in elderly Native Americans, the functional status of elderly Native Americans, and the effectiveness of interventions that are currently used to maintain function; and WHEREAS, the study was designed with input from tribal council members and health staff; and WHEREAS, in implementing the study, the researchers will follow the protocol contained in the study design; and WHEREAS, the researchers will work closely with tribal health staff to have a clear understanding of culturally sensitive issues and to ensure that the dignity of all people contacted is maintained; and WHEREAS, the title of the study will be â€Å"Name of Study;† and WHEREAS, permission from the Executive Board of the Tribal Council is sought by Dr. Jane Doe to implement the study; and WHEREAS, there is to be no publication of the data collected in the study without the express permission of the Tribe. NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, by the Executive Board of the Tribal Council, acting under authority delegated by Section IV-A of the Rules or Procedures, approved by the Tribal Council Resolution AAAB-0001, dated January 31, 1969, and meeting at the Governmental Headquarters of the Tribe, Anycity, Northwest State, that approval to initiate the study in question be signed. BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Tribe does not waive, alter, or otherwise diminish their Sovereign Immunity whether expressed or implied by virtue of this contract, for any and all administrative or legal action, which may arise directly or indirectly from the same. Nor does the Tribe waive, alter, or otherwise diminish their rights, privileges, remedies, or services guaranteed by the Treaty of 1855. DONE AND DATED on this 15th day of December, 2001, by the undersigned members of the Executive Board of the Tribal Council.

Network Upgrade for Walgreens Boots Alliances Business

Network Upgrade for Walgreens Boots Alliances Business Question 1 (20 marks) a) i) I have drawn a Systems map for the Network Upgrade for Walgreens Boots Alliances European Business. I have picked key subjects as sub systems such as Customers, Contracts, Network (subbed into Improvements, access technologies and Traffic) and the Transformation Programme itself. I grouped them in this way; as the network upgrade formed the main part of the IT transformation programme which affects the Customers (Stores, centres, etc). I included the Customers Changing Health and Beauty Needs in the environment as these do not form part of the system; but only influence it. By drawing the systems map I could see how many components needed to work together to produce an interconnected project to upgrade to a new IT system; thus showing the structure. ii)  I changed the Systems map into a T-O-P diagram, forming new groups and subjects which suited technologies, organisations and people. I grouped companies into the organisation area, subgrouping them into other organisations. The technology area utilizes the Access Technologies part of the systems map, and the people area shows any influences in the case study from a person perspective. By drawing the T-O-P diagram I could see how many components needed to work together to produce an interconnected project to upgrade to a new IT system. It shows a simple framework of the components of a sociotechnical IT system. b) In about 150 words describe a key element of ETHICS which could have been applied when analysing the IT system described in the case study. ETHICS is all about participation. The Walgreens Boots Alliance has a strategy and programme in place to create a suitable network infrastructure; however I believe that there wasnt any participation from end users or employees at the consultancy phase. The users could have given BT useful information and feedback regarding the current systems in place for customer service; thus participating in its design with technical and organisational aspects. The case study does not display or mention any information regarding any input from the companys employees. Establishing a design group at the beginning of the project with representatives from Boots, Alliance Healthcare and BT; including employees from different sections, grades and sex would put the project in a good starting position and show an element of ETHICS in operation. A management change process should have been followed with formal documentation and signatures from various representatives to give the best sociotechnical solution for the system. [153 words] c) In about 150 words, suggest and describe at least three issues of power between at least three of the key stakeholders in this IT system. I have identified three stakeholders; these being Emer Timmons for BT, Erwin van Vroenhoven for Walgreens and the Customers themselves. Emer Timmons (BT) has the power over the whole of the Walgreens Boots Alliance as he will set the strategy and the connectivity mediums for new technologies. Erwin van Vroenhoven for Walgreens has the power over Alliance Healthcare and Boots to show the strategy of the alliance and is driving digital innovation for its future. The customers are a significant stakeholder as they are the ones on the reciving end of the Technology and organisational changes of the alliance. The customer service is a key component to all the change and the customer has some power in defining the direction this moves in. The ever changing needs of a customer also influence the alliances strategy. [135 words] Question 2 (20 marks) a) METHOD is a process to accomplish a task with a systematic approach. For any successful Information Technology system; a clear vision is required with a precise method to implement it and a logical installation plan. Put simply a method can assist an initial idea or thought into a reality. Method is extremely important with linking the idea to a reality and is the central focus point of an IT project. Method needs to be capable of adapting, planned and designed in order for it to be a successful for an IT project. b) Making use of Agile, Multiview or SSM, suggest, in no more than 400 words, how this particular method could be applied to a specific project which you are familiar with, either from personal experience or from the literature. In our company department we developed a piece of software using a database for high level planning (like a KANBAN style). Our team felt like each individual did not what each other was doing in a broader scale and looking at the bigger picture. We could use an AGILE method based approach to develop the software tool, we would review it, have feedback meetings, make changes, and follow a development cycle in order to get the planning tool we require. Without this; the tool could be designed incorrectly and not focus on the users needs. The AGILE method focusses on people; and not technology and processes; showing that full participation if vital for its success. This AGILE diagram taken from the adfkickstart.com (1) website; shows the basic process cycle that could be adopted for our software tool. References (1)adfkickstart. (2012). Agile Methodology. Available: http://www.adfkickstart.com/agile-methodology. Last accessed 7/2/2017. Development stages would be the initial building of the tool with added functionalities with input from our team. The software would then but put on our live production system for feedback and a review stage. The software would be either accepted or rejected. If the software is rejected, any changes would be recorded in a management of change process with adjustments and features determined. Any further requirements would be taken onboard and follow the same cycle until the release of the software is met again. If the software is accepted then this would be the live and released version of the software. This AGILE cycle would fit in with us for a number of reasons. It is difficult to predict the number of changes in the software requirements as well as the priorities. We did not know how much design work was needed and we did not know the amount of required time for analysis, design, construction and testing. Using AGILE, we could focus on the users need; using initial meetings and consultation before developing a beta version.   The AGILE method of work could give us this initial consultation and development we required; and its method is very useful for small scale software projects which are not mission critical. AGILE is ideal for proof of concept and not a large scale project; and could help our team with this planning tool very nicely. The idea was for the tool to be shared around other offices for high level planning and eventually get it developed by a software company to make it more rigid and standardised. The AGILE method could let us improve our application, getting the end users feedback and ideas to re-engineer it and improve upon it to get a good experience for our department. [435 words] Question 3 (20 marks) a) An example of a system with Series reliability could be a circuit breaker and the electrical sockets on a ring main in a household. The circuit breaker can trip shut if it detects a problem with the circuit, which in turn stops all connected electrical sockets on that ring main to stop working. An example of a system with Parallel reliability could be a set of water pumps at a power station where the first pump is set to run with maybe a couple of extra pumps on auto standby. If the first pump fails or does not generate the desired water pressure, a standby pump would start to make up the pressure. Here is a reliability diagram for three components with reliability 0.92, 0.90 and 0.85 in parallel. =1 ((1 0.920) x (1 0.900) x (1 0.850)) = 1 (0.08 x 0.1 x 0.15) =1 0.0012 = 0.9988 =0.999 to 3 sf This would mean the reliability of the system in parallel would be 0.999 to 3 sf. b) If a system has a mean time between failures (MTBF) of 1500 hours and a mean time to repair (MTTR) of 5 hours, what is its availability to two decimal places? Show your working. (2 marks) The availability A = MTBF / (MTBF + MTTR) A = 1500/1505 =0.99667 Or A = 1.00 to 2dp So the system is available 1.00 to 2dp c) In 200 words, explain why a system using two independently designed components can still fail. Independently designed components in could still lead to a failure in a system. A system with independent components will need to be designed and specified correctly with compatibility and security features. If this is done incorrectly or the design has a fatal flaw; this could still lead to failure if a certain set of conditions are met. It can often be lots of small pieces in a bigger picture that can lead to a system failure. If the design of the independent components is done correctly but an error has been made with software coding, firmware vulnerability or even a cyber security attack; the system could still face a failure. Coding is especially an issue with human interaction; leading to mistakes in the code and resulting in a malfunction of the system. Human interaction in general is a major failure point of even multiple independent components of systems; prime examples of this can be seen in the aircraft industry with the human interaction of alarms and displays. Outside influences such as cyber security threats / attacks could lead to failure of individual components; or even something such with infrastructure such as a power outage / blackout. [196 words] Question 4 (20 marks) a) Explain the main features of Daniel Soloves privacy model. You should write no more than 100 words for this part of the question, and may include a diagram. Daniel Soloves privacy model divides privacy into four distinct ideas; these being information collecting, information processing, information dissemination and privacy invasion. Information processing is the surveillance or interrogation of the data subject itself. This would extract some information or data which can be used for processing. Information processing is about the storage and misuse of the data; using the data for secondary use and even excluding the data from the data subject. Information dissemination is all about how the data is viewed; if the data use is misinterpreted wrong conclusions can be drawn from the data and the users purpose for it. Privacy invasion is about the intrusion into peoples lives; the user may or may not be aware of the intrusion. Soloves model can be shown graphically this diagram References Jon Neiditz . (2016). Your Privacy Force Field for the Internet of Things. Available: http://datalaw.net/my-privacy-solution-for-the-internet-of-things/. Last accessed 05/02/2017. [130 words] b) Explain three important challenges to privacy that someone involved in building or operating an IT system should be aware of. What would you conclude are the implications of these challenges for a systems administrator? You should write no more than 100 words for this part of the question. The first for an IT system is its overall complexity. Any user of the IT system will quickly realise how diverse and complicated a system can be with regards to privacy such as data, users, policies, etc. Secondly; much of the data involved on the IT system has data collection, data processing, and invasion of privacy which is completely invisible to us. We do not know that is processing in the background and dont have control of it. Last of all; technological development with ever increasing social media applications and more smartphones (mobile) constantly changes the playing field regarding privacy and security. In conclusion ensuring the security of systems can be extremely difficult and complex. [115 words] c) Draft a note to your member of parliament explaining your support for, or your concerns about, the proposed legislation. With the aid of Daniel Soloves analysis, focus your arguments on the governments nothing to hide claims. Outline two key reasons that Solove suggests the nothing to hide argument has nothing to say, and explain why you agree or disagree with him and the governments approach with their CAT Act. Note to parliament I am very concerned about the proposed CAT legislation. Your nothing to Hide claim is fraught with danger; using a Daniel Solove analysis I dont need to justify my position. You need to justify yours. Come back with a warrant. The nothing to hide argument is focussing on 2 key elements; these being the disclosure of personal data or surveillance.   What if the data collected is mistakenly identified as a criminal activity, or what if the data is leaked or stolen? The gartering of this data is distorted, as it will only pickup certain activities or traits; not looking at the bigger picture of the whole person. I agree with Daniel Solove that the nothing to hide argument has nothing to say as it is too narrowly focussed on small pieces of privacy aspects. I think that the government should reconsider its position with pursuing this act. M.Hermann [150 words] d) Review your notes from the audio interviews with security experts Ross Anderson, Richard Clayton, Bruce Schneier and Duncan Campbell (see Block 2 Part 4, Section 4.5 Using those notes and your contribution to your tutor group forum (see Activity 4.15), explain whether each of the four might be in favour of or concerned about a law such as the CAT Act outlined in question 4(c). You should write no more than 250 words for this part of the question, including extracts from your contributions to the tutor forums. Your answer to this question should be no more than 600 words in total, plus one diagram. Anderson states that people should be treat as humans with decency and respect; not just a raw material of data. He believes that data collected from people should   have a consultation and feedback. Andersonb would be behind an act such as CAT; as long as there is some open honesty from governments. Schneier is concerned that our mobile devices and gadgets give away lots of information and that surveillance by governments and commerce is dangerous. He believes that the security services are protecting us from the bad guys using cyber security techniques; however he also believes that they are compromising our communications infrastructure. I believe that Schneier would be strongly against a law such as the CAT act. Clayton suggests that information used, should have some transparency. He says that users should be able to make the decision signing up to services that collect data. Clayton points out about the power of metadata in preventing or solving crimes, however he also compares privacy and freedom. I believe Clayton would be against the CAT act law. Campbell has had first-hand experience with government surveillance; which led him to hi being prosecuted unfairly. Campbell believes the government has lost touch by operating in its own little world. I think Campbell even with his own experiences would be behind an act such as CAT; however it would have to be ethical and regulated properly. Question 5 (20 marks) a) Using your response to Block 2 Part 5, Activity 5.4 as a prompt, put forward two arguments for, and two arguments against, the use of professional codes of ethics. (4 marks) An organisations code of ethics show the overview of the integrity of the business by having core values. Cultures within companies that have built up ethical business practices engage stakeholders and gain trust with working relationships. A positive environment in the workplace is gained among employees inside the company; and also externally, trust gives a company good relationships with communities, customers and suppliers. However; having a code of ethics does not necessarily mean that a companys work place will adhere to it. There is no point in having a code of ethics that is not adhered to and engaged with. It is up to a companys management and workplace to collaborate, educate and maintain conduct in their roles and responsibilities. To add to this if a code of ethics does not have enough clear defined information, not installed and followed correctly or it is implemented in the wrong manner; a code of ethics can have a negative effect for the purpose it was intended for. [165 words] b) To which of the normative ethical perspectives that were introduced in Block 2 Part 5, Section 5.2.3 do the following statements relate? i.Virtue lies in taking the middle path between two vices. ii.The greatest good for the greatest number. iii.Some actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of the consequences. (3 marks) i.Virtue lies in taking the middle path between two vices.- Virtue Ethics ii.The greatest good for the greatest number.- Consequentialist Ethics iii.Some actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of the consequences.- Non-consequentialist Ethics c) Using your response to Block 2 Part 5, Activity 5.12(a) as a prompt, summarise the arguments for and against the proposition that organisations can be viewed as corporate actors rather than simply an organised groups of individuals. (6 marks) Organisations (these being groups that are organised for a common goal or purpose) can reach collective decision; however the opinion and ideas of individual can differ from these of the collective. A collective or group could be held responsible for any decisions

Envrionmental Anaylysis Of Nissan And Renault Marketing Essay

Envrionmental Anaylysis Of Nissan And Renault Marketing Essay INTRODUCTION: The organisations operating in 21st century are characterised by volatile, turbulent, and brisk changes. The rapid pace of changes has both positive and negative impact on the working pattern of employees in the present environment. Moreover, leadership, globalisation, diversity, flexibility and networks are the major drivers and trends of change management. These trends create opportunities and threats in the organisation which are illustrated as follows. TRENDS ISSUES Globalisation Global vs. Local Diversity Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneity Flexibility Flexibility vs. Stability Networks Interdependence vs. Independence According to Ghosn (2009), Diversity has different angles which bring things together which are inaccessible in the corporate environment and in physical world. Moreover, diversity plays an important role in implementing effective change and to stay competitive in the global environment. The world is so complex and changing at an accelerating speed therefore the agenda should be driven by diversity and globalisation. However, diversity is not something that can be imposed in organisational culture and beliefs (Anderson, 2008). Moreover, the concept Diversity is fundamentally linked dealing with the change. At present, organisations depend on cross functional teams to enhance global competitive edge. However, this type of teams cannot capitulate expected performance (Ancona Caldwell, 1992). In contrast, cross functional team need collaboration between them. Here, to enhance the performance cross functional teams, they need to understand the concept of diversity. NISSAN RENAULT AT GLANCE: Company Particulars Nissan Renault Vision Enrich peoples life Drive the change Mission To offer exclusive and innovative automotive products and services by ensuring high quality values towards stakeholders in alliance with Renault. To achieve success thorough sustainable development by safeguarding quality in which company operates with its partner Nissan. Date of Incorporation 26th, December, 1933. 25th, February, 1899. Revenues (FY 2009) 3.35 billion euro. 33.71 billion euro. CEO Carlos Ghosn. Carlos Ghosn. Headquarter Japan. France. Employees 1,75,766. 1,24,300. Product Range Automobiles, Outboard Motors, Forklift Trucks. Automobile, Industrial Vehicles and Financing. Subsidiaries Infinity, Nissan Forklift, Nissan Marine, Nismo, Autech. Automobile Dacia, Renault Samsung Motors. Operating Worldwide 118 countries around the world. Renault Nissan Alliance is an inimitable partnership of two companies combined for performance and created a national automobile group of global scale, signed on March 27, 1999. This alliance based on two main founding principles: By combining both companies strengths and developing each and every possible synergies throughout to convey a productive approach i.e. Win-Win results. Respecting and preserving each companys self-sufficiency of their brand uniqueness and own corporate. The revival plan developed by an international team of 200 Nissan managers. What this global team has done is fully understand the root causes of our current problems and develop solutions that allow Nissan to act decisively ( Ghosn). The revival plan come together project to develop Nissans business and existence of market and it also reduce net debt from 1.4 trillion Yen to less than 700 billion and also reduce the cost by 1 trillion Yen by FY 2002. The combination of growth and cost reduction will allow Nissan to achieve a consolidated operating profit of 4.5 percent of sales by FY2002, (Ghosn). The main and the first goal of revival plan are to return Nissan to profitability for FY2000. While cost cutting will be the most dramatic and visible part of the revival plan, we cannot save our way to success (Carlos Ghosn). Revival plan highlights Nissans dedication to become worldwide achieving growing market share, competitive and profit based on desirable products and brands. This revival plan not only shows Nissan make progress and develop into a strong company over again, but, make Renault as the worlds fourth largest car maker. ENVRIONMENTAL ANAYLYSIS OF NISSAN RENAULT: PEST Analysis Factors Nissan Renault Political Government policy: Impacted positive on automotive sector so as to Nissan-Renault Policy to promote local manufactures and exporters Economical Time of inflationary and deflationary: Due to rise in interest rates , there is hike in prices of oil and car, buying power of customers goes on pick which indirectly affect to the Nissan-Renault. Currency Evaluation: Volatility and unstable currency rates affects the operation and sales of Nissan Renault. Impact on countries economy: Automobile industry uses plenty of goods such as aluminum, plastic, rubber, computer chips, vinyl, textiles, rubber, coppers, iron and steel.. Social Personality status: As standard of living of rises, people opt for more luxurious car. Population: Increase in population results in more sales of car. Standards and attitudes: Different values and attitudes are affects on the customer. Technological Technological change: The changing in the technology makes huge impacts on the product life cycle. Internet: Nissan Renault has very vast opportunity to advert their product by on website and gains competitive advantage. Opportunities As Nissan Renault is way back in to the hybrid technology so company needs to adapt this technology. However, hybrid technology is not much old so Nissan Renault should initiates to produce hybrid car. Continue to expand mainly in the developing country particularly in the Eastern Europe and Latin America. Introduce new innovative ideas. Threats Instability of fuel prices holds the sales of cars. Purchasing power of the consumer is been affected by the global economy. Competitor growth is been increased in this era for the Nissan Renault. Macro factors such as interest rates, inflation, incomes, recession, and unemployment. LEADERSHIP AND DIVERSITY : There is no question about the leadership vision of Carlos Ghosn. When he evaluated the revival plan by observing the strengths and weakness. He analyzes the situation by setting some objectives that were affecting the company from performing at better level. He makes the teams to choose the better methods of achieving the targets. Carlos understand the the objective and vision of Nissan and work culture was indistinguishable. He clears the strategy and vision in its Revival Plan. The culture of Nissan was homogeneous as they were thinking in the same manner. Though the CEO of Nissan opt for the changes, but the work force did not feel the changes was necessary in the culture of organisation. In order to transform Nissan, there was need for new culture to have impact on the culture of organisation (Nakae, 2005). The cross functional teams has to achieve something in order to delivery of revival plan successfully. For this objective the cross functional teams were form with both car m anufacturing organisation and the desired outcome was to equilibrium the cultural values. Cross functional teams are managed by executives appointed by Carlos who are open minded, reliable, culturally diversified. The whole transformation of leadership was to improve the performance of the Nissan. The Cross Functional teams were not created to share views and ideas of each culture. However, the motto underneath was to split the hierarchical barriers in the organisational culture. However, enabling the changes in the organisation cannot give assurance of success. The protection of self-esteem of the particular culture and the identification of organisation must be assured. However, he argues that facilitating change with upholding interest of organisation can wobbly balance act (Ghosn, 2002, Harvard Business Review). The leadership of Carlos Ghosn has characteristic of cultural diversity and with the help of his diversified cultural experience, he extract the cultural differences in organisation. In addition to this, when revival plan of Nissan was implemented, this was stage of performing for the cross functional team. However, the factor which considered as critical and hurdle in the stage was eastern collectivism and homogeneity of Nissan organisational culture. On the other hand, individual sponsorship with both diverse teams can be helpful to remove certain barriers to diversity of cross functional teams. CHANGE APPROACHES: Following are the change resistors and change approaches given by Kotter to Schlesinger (1979) which can help Nissan and Renault alliance in order to successfully implement rival plan. Participation Involvement of people in Staff Groups Decision Making Increase Commitment Facilitation Support in Identifying Resistance Convincing the Commitment to change Attitude Behaviour to Change Compulsion or coercion Explicit or Implicit Warning for behaviour Written notice for termination on Failure Negotiations Agreements to Overcome Resistance Use of Effective Third-party settlement Communication Learning about the change by Informing Educating Justifying Resolving disputes Adjustments Co-operation Use of Power to fulfil need for adjustment Grouping Threats and Rewards to fulfilment While implementing this change there might be resistance to change at different level in the company as suggested by Kotter Schlesinger ( managing innovation change : A critical guide for organisations 2nd edition, Nigel King Neil Anderson 2002). Individual level Group level Organisational level REASONS FOR ALLAINCE: The main reason of the alliance was to sharing investment, technology, respective cultures and supporting each other. The alliance was particularly made on the eagerness of the Carlos Ghosn to prospective successful synergy and keep freedom of the operations and culture amongst both organizations. Renault was keen to provide a common platform for generate development cost in important economics such as design studies prototyping and validation protocols, purchasing and industrial equipment. Which strategy has also been successful and adopted by several company such as Daimler-Chrysler in the United States and Volkswagen and Skoda in the Eastern Europe. They also focused on to the improve coordination and cost reductions for Nissan and Renault to the economic point of view. The major advantage of the alliance was both companies able to steps forward in to the foreign market for the instance Renault builds their car in the Mexico plant and to the other hand Nissan able to use Renaults Brazils plant. And also able to use their distribution channels in to the different countries. Under the alliance of the Renault and Nissan had agreed to share their components and their engines, for the instance Renault is expert in making diesel engines and Nissan is expert in making petrol and manufacturing procedure. Moreover, vision of two foreign companies to achieve mutual respect and peruse a common target we ask every single team not to do anything for the other teams. Pursue your own interests, growth and profitability. Because you are doing this, you will seek synergies (Ghosn, www.extra.emeraldinsight.com). This was the most important aspect to support the alliance of Renault Nissan, not merger. NISSAN RENAULT ALLAINCE STRUCTURE: Renault Nissan Alliance Objectives To be Ranked Amongst Top Three Companys in the Eyes of Customer Quality Value Product Services Technology Leadership excellence Each Region Segment Sustainability High Profit Margin Growth RENAULT 50% NISSAN 50% RNPO: Renault Nissan Purchasing Organisation RNIS: Renault Nissan Information Services 15% 44.3% Revival Plan Major Areas of Cooperation/Change   Carlos Ghosn was able to convince both the companies to  align  and come to following areas of collaboration, PURCHASING Both the companies are agreed to tie up their purchasing activities and try to minimise the purchasing cost of raw material. In the year 2001 during the rival plan both the companies were sharing about 30% of combine buying activities where as at present in the year 2009 the cooperation has increased to 100% which indicates the success of this alliance. Research and Development Under this regards both Nissan Renault both agreed to following two points. Allocate similar stage and components which are not really visible to customers as open body of automotive products in order to achieve the economies of scale and to reduce purchasing production cost. The platform integrated their efforts by manufacturing cars like Nissan Qashqai Renault Megane and many others which resulted in combine sales of more than 50% in the year 2008.  Ã‚   Switch Over Technology Production The tie-up enable both companies to swap their technological expertise to create competitive advantage. The Alliance was successful in creating gearboxes together for their combine products. They expertise of Nissan in making gasoline engine and Renault in making diesel engine resulted into co production of different engines. Both companies are moving forward to align their strategies and advanced mechanism in safety, environment performance. They also aims to develop zero emission technology which enable them to focus on electric cars by the end of 2010. Cross Cultural Management/Teams The unique alliance between Renault Nissan has been working for more than eight years by setting up collaborations in managing culture at all levels as a continuous process of best practices. It is very difficult for Carlos Ghosn to handle the cross cultural tams of Japan France at the same time but with the effective leadership he was able to create more than 30 teams each year. Apart from the above the alliance has decided to set production standards in both the companies which resulted into increase in the overall sales of the company. Both firms are using each others manufacturing capacities in order to produce mass production which in turn gave core competence in production capacity to both car manufacturers. HOFSTEDE CULTURAL ANAYLSIS : Hofstede model of cultural Dimension (source: hofstede, (1991), available at: www.ifets.info/journals/5_3/frank.html) Hofstedes cultural dimension helps us to categorize the key divergence between cultures. Thus this model was used to evaluate French, Japanese, and European culture. According to Hofstedes analysis there are three cultural dimensions that varies between French and Japanese culture power distance, individualism and masculinity (Hofstede, 1983).Because of the differences in masculinity scores it would be accepted that Japanese workforce have a different outset of gender in comparison to their European and French counterparts. Possibly this could direct to tension or pressure between female European workforce and Nissan employees. Japanese gender differentiation could also create legal problems due to the anti discrimination legislation in the Europe A high Power Distance score is directly linked to an autocratic management style. The variation between Japan and France points out that French managers have a more centralised, less counselling approach than their Japanese age group it is also states that average power distance of Europe is low as compared to France and Japan signifying that autocratic style of management in these countries would be strange throughout Europe both the countries have high scores in terms of power distance the Japanese put a high emphasis on the workforce age,( Deller and Flunkert) 1996 state that even capable junior staff will not be given preference over older colleagues. So employees. The significance of superiority is connected with the Japanese principle of lifelong possession with many of the employees commit to one firm which they toil for the whole of their life. In comparison the French structure chain of command is based on the educational backdrop of the person. The education system of France is so vastly controlled with the most brilliant student being conventional to elite schools. Approval to this school is a status mark that prevails through the existence of person with the French perception of accomplishment being judged by a persons family background, educational level and financial rather than by direct accomplishment (Newson -Balle and Gottschalk, 1996). This could lead to disagreement if Japanese disrespect their French counterparts and the French shows lack of respect to their uneducated Nissan associates A countrys individual signifies the level to which culture underpin person over communal success. However it states that workers work better independently who has high level of individualism in comparison with those low scores France has the highest level of individualism score compared to Japan i.e. France with 71 whereas Japan with 46. Therefore Nissan in its European operations must give an opportunity for its employees to gain accomplishment. Moreover if it is put into practice in Nissan operation it can escort performance and motivation The long period of direction signifies a level that the long term goals greater than the short term goals becomes the centre of attraction for the members of society. However it is vital to understand that managers at Nissan should design the strategies by arriving at a logical assurance while working with the Renault ENABLERS AND BARRIERS FOR REVIVAL PLAN: The alliance leader of Nissan Renault imposed incremental change through Nissan Revival Plan 01/2. The key driver for the change was to provide Nissan with sufficient market oriented strategies to compete in the market with other larger manufacturers with heterogeneity in their Japanese organisational culture. However, high risk in the alliance was to deal with cross culture value and beliefs of organisation. Nissan was facing problem of product recalling which was damaging its brand image and the other is the lack of diesel technology in comparison with their key competitors. The focus of Nissan was on profitability, cost reduction, innovation in Europe to continue its growth and brand reputation. As the commodity prices poses a threat to Nissan they oppose this problem by making some alterations in their input materials. They have developed a twofold strategy which is to maintain the equilibrium between individual uniqueness and maintaining their globalized resources. The increasi ng demand and supply in car manufacturing industry by launching new innovative model was the critical enabler factor for Nissan to cut their manufacturing overheads, increasing purchasing power, reducing bargaining power of consumers to remain presence in the market. The main threats for Nissan is the market saturation which effects its growth as the volume of the car sales fell which has make Nissan cant able to make its presence in the European market. The hurdle in this alliance is the culture of the organization which effects the stability and strength of the organization. However, apart from the , the main objective was to create dual citizenship which balanced the equilibrium and support their cultural values and desires to success of the organization. FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS FOR DRIVERS OF GLOBAL CHANGE: DRIVING FORCE RESTRAINING FORCE Technological Change Huge Investment RD and cost of capital Economic Integration More International market Emerging Market in Developing Countries Increasing speed of international more domestic competition Cross Cultural Challenges Falling of Communist Society Fewer Barriers

Eva Duarte Peron (Evita) Essay -- Argentina History Latin America Evit

Eva Duarte Peron (Evita) Thesis: Her experience as a member of the lower class who overcame poverty and her belief in bringing justice to the poor made everything that she did for the people of Argentina possible. Eva Peron 'Mi vida por Peron!' ('My life for Peron!') [Evita] cried a thousand times before the roaring crowds, and then she died. There are parallels that could be drawn between her life and the lives of other obsessively ambitious women who have forced their way through poverty and fame.but instead popular memory finds parallels between Evita's life and the lives of the saints, because she did it all for someone else. (Guillermoprieto 100) From Colonel Juan Peron's election in 1946 until her death from cancer in 1952, Eva Duarte de Peron greatly altered the lives of the Argentine people. Knowing from her childhood what it was like to belong to the lower class population of Argentina, she felt she had the inside connection to making conditions better for her "descamisados," or "shirtless ones." Her experience as a member of the lower class who overcame poverty and her belief in bringing justice to the poor made everything she did for the people of Argentina possible. Social injustice was everywhere in Argentina. It was too much for Eva to bear, so she decided to take action (Peron 12). Eva Duarte met her opportunity to work for the government when an earthquake destroyed most of the city of San Juan on January 15, 1944. She helped take collections for the needy (To Be I). Later, she chose to work in the Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare. In this department she was able to meet many people and hear all of their stories and problems (Peron 71). She was especially interested in the lower class, the working class of Argentines. Coming from a family among the working class, she knew what they were going through. She had a special understanding of the working class and felt comfortable working with them to improve their situation (79). Eva considered each worker that came into her office a friend, and she was a loyal friend to each of them (81). In all of this, her main purpose was to give justice to the poor. In 1945 she married Colonel Juan Peron, who became Argentina's president in 1946 (Taylor 39). Eva helped him a great d... ...ood education. She gave Argentine women the right to vote and a place to go while beginning their career. She gave the orphans a home and the elderly a place to retire. All of these things she did without expecting anything in return. The only thing she desired was the love of her people and of Peron. Works Cited Guillermoprieto, Alma. "Little Eva." The New Yorker 2 December 1996:98+ Larson, Dolane. "Evita's Legacy." Evita Peron Historical Research Foundation. 10 January 1997. http://www.evitaperon.org/legacy/ (2 April 1999). Mc Henry, Robert, ed. "Eva Peron." The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 1993 ed. [Peron, Eva.] evita by evita: Eva Duarte Peron Tells Her Own Story. Redwood City, CA: Proteus Publishing Co., Inc., 1978. Taylor, J.M. Eva Peron: The Myths of a Woman. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979. To Be Evita. Part I. Trans. Dolane Larson. Evita Peron Historical Research Foundation. April, 1997. http://evitaperon.org/biography/part1.html (9 April 1999). To Be Evita. Part II. Trans. Dolane Larson. Evita Peron Historical Research Foundation. April, 1997. http://evitaperon.org/biography/part2.html (9 April 1999).

The Privatization of Social Security Essay -- Social Security Privacy

The Privatization of Social Security Many people don’t understand how the Social Security system really works. There are no separate Social Security "accounts" set up for each taxpayer to which he contributes his Social Security "tax" each year. Many people believe these accounts exist, that the money they pay into their accounts grows each year until retirement, and when they retire they get back what they paid in with interest. This is not true. Most people are unaware of the fact that our current Social Security system is a "pay-as-you-go" program, which means that the revenue the federal government raises each tax year for Social Security benefits is paid out that same year to beneficiaries. Many economists believe that our Social Security system is in need of a major overhaul if today's workers are to receive future benefits. Thomas R. Saving, Director of the Private Enterprise Research Center at Texas A&M University says, "What is wrong is that the Social Security system was never set up to be a sound investment-based retirement system." Karl Borden, professor of financial economics at the University of Nebraska recently wrote, "Social Security is an unfunded pay-as-you-go system, fundamentally flawed and analogous in design to illegal pyramid schemes. Government accounting creates the illusion of a trust fund, but, in fact, excess receipts are spent immediately." Robert M. Ball, former commissioner of Social Security said, "Some of the trust fund money should be put into the stock market. I want to do it to get a better return for the Social Security system. Historically, long-term government bonds have had a real return, after inflation, of 2.3 percent a year, compared with 6.3 percent for stocks." Paul W. Boltz, economist for the T. Rowe Price mutual fund said, "When we examine the pending financial crisis of our Social Security system, we find, in effect, the characteristics of a government sponsored Ponzi-type scheme." Michael H. Cosgrove, of the Dallas-based newsletter, The Econoclast says, "People need to take the responsibility of investing their own funds for their retirement. The Social Security system assumes people can't make that decision and government can do it better. The result is a bankrupt Social Security System." These economists believe that by investing ... ...oss would have to be made up either by hiking taxes, increasing borrowing or drastically cutting benefits to current retirees. The present Social Security system faces a long-term shortfall of between 1 percent and 4 percent of total payroll, depending on your projections of future economic growth. But the existing pay-as-you-go system could be rendered solvent by a judicious combination of increasing the retirement age by two or three years and slightly raising taxes. Also there is the question of whether to privatize the whole system, or whether to add a second tier. We might keep the basic system but supplement it with self-directed IRA-like funds. The basic tier would be redistributive and pay-as-you-go. The supplementary layer would be private and based on individual contributions. A further question is who bears the risk when investments go sour. There is no such risk under the current system. The stock market looks like a great retirement vehicle in the 1990’s, but it wasn't so reliable in the 1970s and 1930s. The program was deliberately designed as a social guarantee of retirement income, not a system of government-mandated private savings.

Import Substitution Industries Essay

â€Å"There is a belief among some economists that a country should focus more on export sector explanation and diversification than promoting the import substitution Industries (ISI).† Critically comment on this taking Sri Lankan economy as an example. You are expected to refer relevant articles from recognized sources on the said areas and provide your own views and analysis with proper reasoning. Export means shipping the goods and services out of the port of a country. An import is a good brought into a jurisdiction, especially across a national border, from an external source. Import Substitution Industries (ISI) means an economic theory employed by developing or emerging market nations that wish to increase their self-sufficiency and decrease their dependency on developed countries. Implementation of the theory focuses on protection and incubation of domestic infant industries so they may emerge to compete with imported goods and make the local economy more self-sufficie nt. Normally importing is not bad. Importing raw materials and goods is one of the paths of increasing the profit margins. There are number of benefits in importing the goods, such as high quality, low prices, and benefits related to the international trade. But I think there are more disadvantages for country. Importing of goods could lead the erosion of the domestic markets and national economies specifically when there is trade deficit occurrence the import is higher than the export. And can also be increased due to import of goods such as conflict in the domestic values due to the acceptance of social values. The domestic industries can also be crippled due to the import of the countries where the wages are low and the domestic industries are unable to compete since they cannot lower down their prices of goods than the cost of goods. The exporting of goods is specifically difficult and disadvantageous for the small and medium size firms. The sale of services and goods into the foreign market is difficult for them rather serving the domestic market. A lack of knowledge of different languages, difference in culture, exchange regulations and trade regulations having the major impact on exporting the goods. But normally there are have more advantages than importing. One of the major advantages of export is the ownership advantage which is specific to the firms international experience, asset and ability of the exporter to  either develop the differentiated product or low cost product with in the values chain. A combination of investment risk and market potential is known as the location benefit of the particular market combination. In order to retain the core competencies within the organization and stitching it throughout the country without retaining the license, selling or outsourcing is the international advantage in export. Some of the organizations having lower level of ownership advantage may do not enter into the foreign markets. In case a company’s products and company’s ownership equipped with the international advantage and ownership advantage, the entry can be made through low risk model known as exporting under the eclectic paradigm. There is low investment requires in exporting of goods than the other modes of inter national trade and expansion such foreign direct investment. Somehow it is recognized that the lower level of risk result in ,lower level of rate of return than possibly the other modes of international trade. On the other hand the usual return on international trade in export sales might not have greater potential but also there will be no risk. In export of goods the managers are allowed to exercise the various operational control however it does not have the option over the control of marketing activities of the company. The end consumer of exported goods is far away from the exporter though the various intermediaries can manage the risk. Export performance is one of the strongest areas of Sri Lanka’s economy at the present time. It can be best described as a growth area. If you were to take exports as a whole, there has been an improvement of around 14% across the board, in terms of the foreign exchange that was realized by Sri Lankan exports. However, in some sectors, the growth has been very much more. For example, in the electronic sector, it is as high as 80%, with rubber performing at 45%, wooden products at 57%, and so on. And also emphasis that the government’s policy is not restricted to enhancing the quantum of foreign exchange that we earn from exports. Earning more foreign exchange is important as the country requires it, but we do not intend to stop there. This is a necessary condition but we do not see it as being sufficient. One of the main policy objectives is to ensure that all benefits percolate down to the grassroots level. In other words, there has to be an equitable distribution of wealth and income right throughout the country. So Sri Lanka is today referred to as a ‘middle income country’ with a per capita income  of US$ 1,370. However, one of our problems is that the distribution of income within the country is far from equitable. A good example of this is the fact that the per capita income in the district of Colombo is seven times what it is in districts such as Monaragela, Pollonnaruwa and Hambantota. Thus we need to address the inequities that are inherent in that situation. This is why the putting a particular emphasis on the concept of ‘export promotion villages’ that are being developed around the country. However in this year Imports in Sri Lanka increased to 1845.30 USD Million in July of 2014 from 1439.40 USD Million in June of 2014. Imports in Sri Lanka averaged 1035.70 USD Million from 2001 until 2014, reaching an all time high of 1986.40 USD Million in November of 2011 and a record low of 408 USD Million in February of 2002. (Reported by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka) Normally we export different type of goods like Apparel, tea, rubber coconut gems etc†¦ In those industries the tea industry is perhaps Sri Lanka’s most strategic economic sector and pure Ceylon tea our only internationally known brand. We are the world’s biggest tea exporter, manufacturing more than 300 million kilos of black tea annually, almost all of which is exported. Our orthodox teas usually sell at a premium over other orthodox teas from elsewhere. Therefore we can increase that industry and get more economical profit for our country. In importing we have to pay more money with huge taxes to other countries, and in that situation we waste our money more. But if we focus more on export sector explanation and diversification we can improve our productions, develop our manufactures, and finally we can export those productions for other countries, then we can earn more profit. Don’t want to pay unessential money for other countries if we’ll develo p our exporting industry. In that case we can increase jobs for our people also, and we can develop our economy. So, mainly Imports and exports may seem like general terms that have little bearing on everyday life, but they exert a profound influence on the consumer and the economy. In today’s interlinked global economy, consumers are used to seeing products and produce from every corner of the world in their local malls and stores. These overseas products or imports provide more choices to consumers and help them manage strained household budgets. But too many imports in relation to exports which are products shipped from a country to foreign destinations can distort a  nation’s balance of trade and devalue its currency. The value of a currency, in turn, is one of the biggest determinants of a nation’s economic performance. So finally studying about those cases I also think the country should focus more on export sector explanation and diversification than promoting the import substitution Industries (ISI).

Oedipus: Aristotelian or Formalist Theory Essay

Teiresiass linguistic communication at the end of picture one of Sophocles receive Oedipus Rex is fairly victimize hardly it is in this adopt mingled with Oedipus and Teiresias where the main conflict of the apologue lead offs to unfold. This is a pivotal speech in the campaign as it helps to fall apart some of the study themes in the admit as headspring as begin to contour up the tragic irony at the bosom of the story. When this speech is analyzed using either Aristotelian or Formalist theory learn elements can be found that argon sound in increasing the fun in the play and in tying together one of the plays central theme.In the Poetics Aristotle out limns his vision of a successful tragedy and states that secret plan and graphic symbolism are the first two rationale features of tragedy. Teiresiass concluding speech helps to develop both of these key components of tragedy in Oedipus Rex successfully. During his conversation with the king Teiresias introduce s the first radical of conflict into the play as Oedipus tries to prevail on _or_ upon the old man to reveal what he knows about Laioss murder.Aristotle termed this moment of the diagram the desis which in modern literary basis is known as the complication which serves to build up the bid of a story towards the climax, and Teiresiass speech here achieves that purpose. thither is also an effective use of indicate in Teiresiass speech in which he reveals to the hearing the twist of peck that Oedipus allow experience even though the king at this full stop is unconscious of Teiresiass true meaning.The reversal of peril and recognition contained in Oedipus Rex are praised by Aristotle as world consultationistics of an ideal plot and the foreshadowing found in Teiresiass speech help to build up the anticipation towards the revelation of Oedipuss individuation. In the perfect tragedy Aristotle stated that character should support the plot and Teiresiass final speech was in f earfulctly very effective in building Oedipuss character.Until his clash with Teiresias Oedipus was retrieven a considerate king face out for the interest of his people in trying to discover Laioss sea wolf. In his conversation with Teiresias the audience gets its first coup doeil of Oedipuss anger and can begin to see him as capable of being the murderer they are searching for. Teiresiass final speech also reveals to the audience Oedipuss tragic flaw of not knowing who he truly is, which pass on eventually be his downfall.In revealing Oedipuss genuine ignorance to his true identity through with(predicate) this speech the audience feels to a greater extent pity for the king when the revelation occurs and this heightens the tragedy of the play. From a Formalist theory perspective of Teiresiass speech two literary devices are used that effectively increase the drama of the play and tie in a central theme and those are symbolism and tone. Symbolism in Teiresiass speech begins to build the tragic irony of the play and to establish one of the themes of the play of scene versus knowledge.Teiresias describes the killer as a silver screen man, Who has his eyes now, but he is also referring to Oedipuss inability to see the honor (Sophocles 720). Teiresias himself is a powerful symbol as well in the play as he is blind but he can see the truth of better than Oedipus despite the kings attempts to discover the truth so vigorously. In the end of the play when Oedipus blinds himself upon finally training the truth he completes the imagery that was begun in Teiresiass final speech.The tone of Teiresiass speech is black and foreboding and it serves to wobble the tone of the entire play. At this point the audience is becoming aware that things go away not end well for Oedipus and his heroic quest to find Laioss killer is going to result in dire consequences. The graphic imagery in the line Who came to his fusss bed, wet with his fathers blood helped establish this ominous tone that serves to build the tension through the rest of the play (Sophocles 720).After his encounter with Teiresias Oedipus becomes increasing confrontational with other characters in the play and the tone set by Teiresiass speech helps to establish a lot of that conflict. Sophocles Oedipus Rex is such a well-rounded beak of literature that regardless of what literary come up is used to analyze it the play will provide an endless vehicle for discovery. in that location are so many interlacing images, themes, and symbols weaved together that it is an ideal story to study.

Thomas Jefferson on Slavery and Race

B. Jefferson on Slavery and persist The terms of the emancipation proposal considered by Virginia legislators were all slaves born after the work would go on with their p atomic number 18nts to tillage, arts or sciences, until girls (18) and boys (21) would colonize to places that render the most prudish out with arms and domestic animals to reserve them free and independent and extend the attachment and protection.Jefferson believes blacks are inferior to whites, he differentiates the twain races by stating the obvious first, color, figure, hair, odor, he besides states how they are harder working and dont require as much sleep. He also includes how venturesome they are, they desire love more and are more sentiment and their griefs are transient. This woodland is the germ of all education in him. Slavery influenced get the hang and other whites in ways of creating boisterous passions that created degrading comments to star another.This is spread through the children and other whites perceive or being raised hardly one way of seeing a master degrade his slaves. Slavery influenced slaves that they favor ways that avoid areas that can or have made work for them. Jefferson verbalize l tremble for my country when I reflect that God is Just because e believes thralldom is not right, he hopes for the come emancipation and that slavery is disposed in the order of take downts with the consent of the masters. Jeffersons hopes for the end of slavery differed from his fears because he hoped of an emancipation, which happened. Rather than slaves taken from masters which would anger them. Jeffersons notes do not seem to be something typical of the era or that most would agree on, slavery and separationism were very strong and blacks were not even considered or thought of to have humankind rights like they have today during that era.

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essay

Technology is shifting at a faster rate resulting in development of new methods that assist in satisfactory completion of certain technological demand. This has given birth to different enterprise architecture frameworks that fulfill the specific requirements of day-to-day activities. Architecture is a framework of guidelines, principles, models, standards and strategies that directs, social construction and development of business process, design and information and resources through enterprise. Hence, free enterprise architecture is a blueprint, which defines the structure and operation of a given organization (Fowler & Rice 2003).The growth of such a economic theory isnt sufficient.The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) is an enterprise architecture framework, which approaches the further development of enterprise information architecture through design, planning, governance and implementation.This EA framework employs twenty four pillars to achieve its goals: Applicati on, Business, Technology and Data. Before the architect own plans for current and future aims of the organization, they are provided with foundation architectures how that form the basis that they will use for the new development. The four pillars play a crucial major role in ensuring that the process is successful.Management is merely one of the essential pursuits which play a valuable part in the additional information systems also .

The original aim of the TOGAF was to design and develop technology modern architecture for a given business entity. However, the framework has evolved becoming a methodology that is used to analyze overall business architecture. This resulted into splitting of the enterprise methodology into two parts: Architecture further Development Method (ADM) and Enterprise continuum. The ADM ensures that the enterprise architecture meets the minimum requirements of the organization in terms of business needs and information technology needs.Information methods that what are complex control leverage new technologies and concepts or companies from having the ability to adapt to be able to compete.For example, Phase C combines Application and available Data architecture and phase B and C ensure that the clarity of the information gothic architecture is achieved (Lankhorst 2005).For the ADM to be successful, Enterprise Continuum comes handy. Generally, the Enterprise Continuum can be seen as a ‘virtual repository’ of all the assets of the architecture that is in an organization. These assets may include architectural patterns, architectural models, architecture descriptions and other important artifacts.At best, it tap into a diverse range of abilities and solutions empty can result in a more holistic strategy and also improve the overall understanding of our professionals.

Usually there is a relationship between the different EA frameworks in terms of how it operates and ways deeds that enables it to accomplish its duties. Zachman Framework and TOGAF ADM part fair share some common features. ADM mapping in relation to the Zachman Framework supports a correlation.The Zachman Framework has a well established and comprehensive taxonomy that supports various models, viewpoints wired and other important artifacts, which an enterprise may consider developing as a phase of the EA (White 2007).Organizations unable to satisfy the generous donation could be requested to submit supporting documentation, including salary programs for other graduate-level interns or an operating budget.The main purpose of the architecture is to define viewpoints, an aspect that is supported by the TOGAF ADM but lacks in Zachman Framework. Zachman Framework vertical axis provides a source of potential viewpoints worth while the horizontal may provide generic taxonomy concerns. Thus, the Zachman Framework does not have means good for processes for conformant views or developing viewpoints. Hence, it does not full employ a perspective that is shown by TOGAF’s ADM.Our company is about to offer top excellent custom writing dilute solutions to you.

Hence, the columns that are in the FEAF matrix correspond to the three gothic architecture domains that are supported by TOGAF; the fourth TOGAF domain covers business gothic architecture that lacks in the FEAF structure.Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) is a framework that brings together Applications, additional Information and Technology Architectures in fulfilling the requirements of architecture. Thus, it shares many concepts keyword with TOGAF because the aim of EAP is to form blueprints for architectures to solve business problems. Moreover, EAP supports the nine phases that are supported by the TOGAF (White 2007).There are a first great deal of additional ways that youll be able to use to increase how their writing abilities.Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) defines the architecture systems into consistent and complementary views. It defines a structure logical and mechanisms that help in understanding, visualizing and assimilating the complexiti es and broad scope of a example given architecture design through tabular, graphic and textual means. Thus, it shares minimal aspect with TOGAF.In fact, TOGAF main focus on the methodology of architecture in terms of â€Å"how to† without bringing into consideration architecture description constructs.There are advantages deeds that are given to the enterprises.

DODAF requires that all information, analysis and new products to build should be put forefront before building the architecture. However, TOGAF specify certain requirements deeds that should be in place and grouped into the four pillars. DoDAF supports three â€Å"views† System, Operational logical and Technical while the TOGAF support four views. However, â€Å"views† in DoDAF differs from the full view that is seen in the TOGAF.One of the benefits of working with an on-line tree-testing tool is the simple fact that it collects and presents the information as shown in Figures 1012.Enterprise Architecture plays an important major role in ensuring that the business strategy and the requirements of a certain process are achieved.TOGAF approach is useful in achieving a business-oriented process through a well defined methodology. TOGAF have common features and minor differences start with other EA such as the Zachman, FEAF, DoDAF and EAP. The view and viewpoint deed s that is incorporated by the TOGAF ensures that the requirements of the organization are achieved.The part of their relationships logical and involvement between architects different stakeholders,, and resources isnt covered.

(2005). Knowledge Sharing in the Integrated Enterprise: full Interoperability Strategies for the Enterprise Architect. London: Birkhauser. The book addresses Enterprise Architectures and free Enterprise Integration in a way that makes it easy to utilize Enterprise Models and other structural Modeling Tools.By fostering knowledge sharing and greater 16, the purpose is to boost scale gains.Fowler, M. & Rice, D. (2003). Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture.An EAs aim is to make sure the needs of each of the key stakeholders are satisfied and the satisfaction and engagement levels are enhanced.

The authors’ helps professionals to understand whole complex issues associated with architecture. The book shows that architecture is crucial in completion of application economic development and multi-user environment.In addition, the book provides patterns and context in EA that enables the reader to have proper means to make the right decisions. Lankhorst, M.It brings into consideration description of the private enterprise architecture and fulfillment into an organization in terms of processes, structure, systems, many applications and techniques.The book brings into consideration description of components and unambiguous specification to allow for a logical modeling language. They utilize their skills in ensuring that the architects have concrete skills that fulfill the architectural practice. It also gives means that allows communication between stakeholders that are involved in these architectures.(2003). A practical Guide to Enterprise Architecture. New York: Pre ntice Hall PTR. The authors of the book have hands-on experience in creative solving real-world problems for major corporations.(2003). Guide to Enterprise IT Architecture.New York: Springer Publishers. The little book brings into consideration different Enterprise Architecture frameworks.

& Weill, P. (2006).Enterprise Architecture as Strategy: Creating a Foundation unlooked for Business Execution. Chicago: Harvard Business Press.Scheer, A. & Kruppke, H. (2006). Agility by ARIS Business making Process Management.Thus, the book is business oriented with EA playing an important role. Schekkerman, J. (2003). How to Survive in the Jungle of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks, 2nd Ed.Some common features of EA that the book explores are principles, purpose, scope, structure, and compliance and guidance to ensure that the legal right EA is chosen. Wagter, R. & Steenbergen, M. (2005).